This chapter focuses on the role of governments in managing economic growth and development, particularly through macroeconomic policy. It traces the evolution of government intervention in the economy, from the minimal state of the nineteenth century to the more active role governments played in the twentieth century, especially in response to crises such as the Great Depression. The chapter also examines the development of the welfare state and the use of fiscal and monetary policies to stabilize economies. By discussing the successes and failures of government interventions, the chapter highlights the ongoing debate over the appropriate role of the state in managing economic outcomes and ensuring long-term growth.

This introduction sets out a few overarching themes: Hemingway as a restlessly experimental writer, one driven to represent an ever-greater range of human experience and expression. Hemingway’s pressing against the boundaries of readers’ taste and tolerance is introduced, as is his identity as a person who lived with both visible and invisible disabilities and treated the ways of being in the world specifically available to the disabled.

The church in the early centuries focused not so much on natures and their union as on the Savior as a person. The church was united around two major affirmations: First, only God can save us, so Christ has to be the eternal Son of God. Second, only as a human being does God save us, so the Son himself had to become truly human in order to live, die, and be raised for our salvation. The church’s fifth-century articulation of Christ as one person made known to us in two natures grows out of and should be understood in the light of these prior affirmations.

The information experts helped enable a broad-based appreciation of the Colombo Plan’s unusual qualities. Through their efforts, the Colombo Plan gestured towards ideals of regional co-operation within a broader internationalism in ways that continued to attract its regional members even as they were clear-eyed about its practical limitations. State-making was such a high priority for regional members that region-making often came second, even as it retained its appeal. One of the reasons for the Colombo Plan’s embrace during the long 1950s and its persistence in popular remembering in more recent decades was, and still is, this shape-shifting quality. Greater than the sum of its component parts when needed for publicity and promotional reasons, it could also dissemble easily into discrete bilateral relationships or forms of aid such as iconic projects or the flows of sponsored students. As critiques of foreign aid programs accumulated from the mid-1960s onwards, its benign character and fading significance spared it from becoming the subject of the sharpest attacks.

This chapter examines the national-scale origins and political linkages of land mafias and rural militias in Brazil. These linkages, especially to political power, explain how, over just a few decades, an RDPE of active and open land-grabbing mafias has spread from southern Brazil to the Amazon. These cases illustrate the dynamics by which federal-level changes can expand an RDPE system to the national scale and to other parts of the same jurisdiction, polity, and political system. The land-grabbing process is linked to illegalities and violence, which are mutually self-reinforcing through the logics operating in these systems. This chapter examines the rapid post-2019 transformation of pastures into monoculture soybean or corn plantations, especially in southeastern Acre and along the paved BR-163 highway. Part of the problem is the institutionalization of illegal land grabbing and its mafia-like tactics, whose continuation is ensured through legal loopholes and ambiguities. The situation worsened, especially during the reign of Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2023), as land mafia dynamics penetrated deeper into the sociopolitical fabric of Brazil.

Chapter 3 focuses on agreement attraction, one of the most well-studied phenomena in psycholinguistics. Linguistic dependencies, particularly subject–verb number agreement, are disrupted by attractors – intervening elements that have the correct information in the wrong position. Attractors lead to the formation of illicit grammatical dependencies, creating the illusion that ungrammatical sentences are acceptable or that well-formed sentences are not. Focusing primarily on subject–verb number agreement, the chapter introduces readers to experimental paradigms used to study attraction effects in sentence production and comprehension. It discusses key factors that modulate attraction, including number morphology, sentence complexity, and the syntactic properties of attractors. A major theme is how attraction-based interference reveals underlying principles of memory encoding and retrieval and real-time language processing. The chapter also introduces methodological tools, such as factorial designs, and experimental techniques like self-paced reading and eye-tracking, which have been critical in uncovering how agreement attraction operates in moment-to-moment language comprehension.

Chapter 1 analyzes the recordkeeping practices established in Kenya during the Emergency through the reorganization of colonial intelligence services. This chapter explores the connection between the British paranoia against Mau Mau fighters in particular and Kikuyu-speaking peoples in general and the administration’s anxious obsession with recordkeeping and the maintenance of Emergency secrets. Following a discussion of key terms and contexts, such as the colonial concept of information management and the Emergency period, this chapter situates the “migrated archives” in the colonial politics of concealment.

This chapter analyzes the infrastructure of medical services and situates Arab doctors within this grid. The British Department of Health, on the one hand, was a significant employer, employing 25 to 35 percent of all Palestinian physicians at any given time. On the other hand, these doctors had minimal impact on decision-making: British medical officers occupied the top administrative echelons, restricting local medical professionals’ autonomy and career prospects and preventing the formation of a proto-state medical infrastructure. The chapter examines the tension between pressure from the Colonial Office to limit expenditure and pressure from Palestinian civil society to expand services. It then looks at Palestinian physicians’ working conditions at the department and Palestinian demands to improve medical services. The chapter concludes with attempts made by the department’s last director to remedy its ills during the final two years of the British Mandate.

Experiencing emotions is part of human nature and our daily life. Sometimes, emotions can be too intense and we need or want to control them. Emotion regulation (ER) is a term that describes management of emotional experiences, regardless of whether we downregulate negative emotions or upregulate positive ones. Conscious, cognitive efforts to regulate an emotion have been subsumed under this term, as well as unconscious, implicit regulation of emotion. Effective ER has been associated with a number of positive outcomes, such as an increased general well-being, improved performance at work and in personal and professional relations, and, most importantly, enhanced mental and physical health. In contrast, deficits in ER are observed in severe psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Consequently, understanding the neural underpinnings of ER has become one of the most popular topics in affective neuroscience throughout the last two decades.