Religious groups outside of the Christian tradition have slowly been incorporated into American civil religion. The chapter discusses four major world religions and their inclusion in the religious landscape of the United States: Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. The chapter also explores some new religious movements with distinctly American origins, Latter-day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Christian Scientism.

This chapter is devoted to the topological and geometric structures of a causal fermion system.

The chapter offers an introduction to the historical intertwinings of human rights and global population control efforts from the 1940s to the mid-1990s. It describes the aim of the book to investigate how human rights language was strategically employed to justify and implement large-scale family planning programs worldwide. The introduction highlights the complex interactions between individual and collective rights that will be explored throughout the book, including in case studies involving countries like India, Ireland, the United States, and Yugoslavia. The introduction also addresses contemporary challenges and debates surrounding population growth, environmental concerns, and reproductive rights. By analyzing the historical evolution of human rights discourse in the context of population control, the introduction describes the aim of the book as shedding light on the nuanced relationship between individual freedoms, societal well-being, and the ethical considerations inherent in global reproductive policies.

Indexicality and enregisterment are terms introduced by Silverstein (1976, 2003) and Agha (2003, 2007) as part of an ideological approach to linguistic variation and change. This chapter explains these terms, discusses how they have been used in research into the historical sociolinguistics of English, and evaluates the potential of this approach for further research in the history of English. The chapter begins with an explanation of the terminology and the research contexts in which it has been used. It then goes on to note the difficulties of applying an approach which was first used in ethnographic research to historical contexts. Three types of historical evidence are identified as providing evidence for historical indexicality and enregisterment: metalinguistic and metapragmatic comments; dialect literature and literary dialect; and ego-documents. For each of these, a review of research in English historical linguistics using such data is provided.

While AI is powerful, much of the time, human intuition and behavior is still more valuable for psychological research. This chapter focuses on crowdsourcing – a method for leveraging the intelligence of many people to complete a task. The chapter discusses the use of crowdsourcing and citizen science across several fields, and how to decide when to use crowdsourcing versus AI for analyzing complex psychological data. The chapter also provides practical advice on what platform to choose, and how to avoid low-quality data from bots or cheaters.

Examines effects of comprehension, conflict, social status, loneliness, complexity, assertiveness, control, introversion–extroversion, competence, goals, working memory capacity, and first impressions on conversation memory.

Chapter 1 observes that the Japanese archipelago has been represented unduly as an “islanded” entity, due to the prevalence of exceptionalist concepts such as national seclusion or sakoku. It presents Japan as a terraqueous economy by outlining the history of marine nutrients from fishing grounds along the Kuroshio and Oyashio currents, which remained prominent factors in the expansion of agrarian production until the twentieth century. It suggests different possibilities to embed the archipelago’s early modern and modern histories conceptually in its hydrological environments: Teleconnections such as the East Asian Monsoon offer historiographical challenges to Eurocentric models like the “East Asian Mediterranean.” Likewise, maritime currents are agents in the making and remaking of Japan’s terraqueous economy. Their seasonal rhythms create specific environments of risk in which the archipelago’s marine resource and shipping industries developed their business practices. The Kuroshio offers special possibilities, because it represents both a modern scientific concept and an early modern source term – its study can therefore build on intellectual and vernacular virtual geographies.

Although international organizations have always made some revenue in selling publications and organizing events, their activity in selling goods and services has increased significantly during the past few decades. From charging fees for the use of online platforms to selling visa services to governments, and from providing passenger and cargo transport to collecting aviation route charges on behalf of members states, international organizations now sell a wide variety of goods and services to private actors, states and other organizations. In other words, international organizations increasingly act in the market in ways resembling private actors, in addition to adopting business-like practices and mindsets in other ways, oftentimes raising difficult legal questions about their constitutional competence, immunity and responsibility. This article maps the market activities of international organizations, analyses the reasons behind their increasing importance and asks how they fit within the law of international organizations. In so doing, the article also challenges traditional, member state-centric perspectives to international organizations.

This chapter examines the distinctive hardheadedness of the Bloomsbury group’s famous devotion to the life of the mind. While Bloomsbury is virtually synonymous with the prizing of aesthetic appreciation, emotional intensity, and intellectual reflection, many of the group’s members were equally concerned with the inextricability of such rarefied states from very material sources of maintenance, support, and security. The chapter foregrounds the inseparable connection between economics and aesthetics in the thought and practice of the Bloomsbury group, identifying a concern with this connection as one of the key preoccupations stemming from the influence of G. E. Moore’s philosophy, and tracing its significance in a range of economic, artistic and literary works.

Chapter 10 explores three competing visions of American national religious identity: Christian nationalism, strict secularism, and pluralist civil religion. After identifying problems with Christian nationalism and strict secularism, the chapter argues that an inclusive, dynamic, and pluralist civil religion offers the best way forward for continuing the American experiment.

Although the United States was established with a distinctly Christian framework, over time the religious landscape has changed. American civil religion has adapted to make room for growing religious pluralism and the rise of secularism.