In [20], T. A. Springer proved that if A is a complete discrete valuation ring with field of fractions F, residue class field of characteristic not 2, and uniformizing parameter π then any anisotropic quadratic form q over F has a unique decomposition as q = q1 ⊥ 〈π〉q2, where q1 and q2 represent only units of A, modulo squares in F (compare [14, Satz 12.2.2], [19, §4], [18, Theorem 8.9]). Consequently the binary quadratic form x2 + πy2 represents only elements in Ḟ2 ∪ πḞ2, where Ḟ2 denotes the set of nonzero squares in F. Szymiczek [21] has called a nonzero element a in a field F rigid if the binary quadratic form x2 + ay2 represents only elements in Ḟ2 ∪ aḞ2.

We define the filtrated $\text{K}$-theory of a ${{\text{C}}^{*}}$-algebra over a finite topological space $X$ and explain how to construct a spectral sequence that computes the bivariant Kasparov theory over $X$ in terms of filtrated $\text{K}$-theory.

For finite spaces with a totally ordered lattice of open subsets, this spectral sequence becomes an exact sequence as in the Universal Coefficient Theorem, with the same consequences for classification.

We also exhibit an example where filtrated $\text{K}$-theory is not yet a complete invariant. We describe two ${{\text{C}}^{*}}$-algebras over a space $X$ with four points that have isomorphic filtrated $\text{K}$-theory without being $\text{KK}\left( X \right)$-equivalent. For this space $X$, we enrich filtrated $\text{K}$-theory by another $\text{K}$-theory functor to a complete invariant up to $\text{KK}\left( X \right)$-equivalence that satisfies a Universal Coefficient Theorem.

This paper is devoted to the machinery necessary to apply the general theory of monotone dynamical systems to neutral functional differential equations. We introduce an ordering structure for the phase space, investigate its compatibility with the usual uniform convergence topology, and develop several sufficient conditions of strong monotonicity of the solution semiflows to neutral equations. By applying some general results due to Hirsch and Matano for monotone dynamical systems to neutral equations, we establish several (generic) convergence results and an equivalence theorem of the order stability and convergence of precompact orbits. These results are applied to show that each orbit of a closed biological compartmental system is convergent to a single equilibrium.

Let a semigroup A be given by generators a1, a2, … , ad and defining relations u1 = v1, u2 = v2, … , ue = ve between these generators, the ui, vi being words in the generators. We then have a presentation of A, and write

The same generators with the same relations can also be interpreted as the presentation of a group, for which we write

In (1) and (2) we proved that under certain conditions a given ring R must be commutative. The conditions used there were “global” in the sense that they were imposed at once on the relation of a given element to all the other elements of the ring R.

In this paper we deal with the number of zeros of a solution of the nth order linear differential equation

1.1

where the functions pj(z) (j = 0, 1, …, n – 2) are assumed to be regular in a given domain D of the complex plane. The differential equation (1.1) is called disconjugate in D, if no (non-trivial) solution of (1.1) has more than (n – 1) zeros in D. (The zeros are counted by their multiplicity.)

The ideas of this paper are related to those of Nehari (7; 9) on second order differential equations. In (7), he pointed out the following basic relationship. The function

1.2

where y1(z) and y2(z) are two linearly independent solutions of

1.3

is univalent in D, if and only if no solution of equation(1.3) has more than one zero in D, i.e., if and only if(1.3) is disconjugate in D.

In this paper we study the existence and uniqueness of best proximity points of cyclic contractions as well as the convergence of iterates to such proximity points. We take two different approaches, each one leading to different results that complete, if not improve, other similar results in the theory. Results in this paper stand for Banach spaces, geodesic metric spaces and metric spaces. We also include an appendix on $\text{CAT(0)}$ spaces where we study the particular behavior of these spaces regarding the problems we are concerned with.

Martin's axiom and the Continuum Hypothesis are studied here using the notion of a ccc partition i.e., a partition of the form where K0 has the following properties:

(a) K0 contains subsets of its elements as well as all singletons of X.

(b) Every uncountable subset of K0 contains two elements whose union is in K0.

1. Introduction. One of the basic objects of study in harmonic analysis is the Fourier transform (or Fourier-Stieltjes transform) μ of a bounded (complex) measure μ on the real line R:

(1.1)

More generally, if μ is a bounded measure on a locally compact abelian group G, then its Fourier transform is the function

(1.2)

where Ĝ is the dual group of G and One answer to the question “Which functions can be represented as Fourier transforms of bounded measures?” was given by the following criterion due to Schoenberg [11] for the real line and Eberlein [5] in general: f is a Fourier transform of a bounded measure if and only if there is a constant M such that

(1.3)

for all ϕ ∈ L1(G) where

In this paper we give some results on the extensions of Lie algebras, with emphasis on the case of prime characteristic, although part of the paper is also of interest at characteristic 0. An extension of a Lie algebra L is a pair (E, π), where £ is a Lie algebra and π is a homomorphism of E onto L. The kernel K of the extension is ker π.

We shall prove the following about the “ringification” ρA of [2] and [5] of an archimedean l-group A: (a) Any “minimal ring” containing A is ρA; (b) A ↦ ρA is a reflector; (c) ρA need not be laterally complete when A is. These constitute the solutions to the problems posed in [2] by Paul Conrad.

1. The embedding into a ring. Let be the category which has objects archimedean l-groups A with distinguished positive weak unit eA, and morphisms l-group homomorphisms h: A → B with h(eA) = eB. Let be the category with objects archimedean f-rings R with identity 1R which is a weak unit, and morphisms l-ring homomorphisms h: R → S with h(lR) = 1S.

In this paper we introduce the notion of an almost Riemannian manifold. Briefly speaking, an almost-Riemannian structure on a Banach manifold is a generalization of the notion of a Riemannian structure on a Hilbert manifold, common examples would be manifolds of maps modelled on the Sobolev spaces Lkp. The successful use of weak Riemannian structures in hard problems has been given by Ebin [2] and Ebin and Marsden [10].

It is proved in this note, that a strongly continuous semigroup of (sub)positive contractions acting on an Lp-space, for 1 < p < ∞ p ≠ 2, can be dilated by a strongly continuous group of (sub)positive isometries in a manner analogous to the dilation M. A. Akçoglu and L. Sucheston constructed for a discrete semigroup of (sub)positive contractions. From this an improvement of a von Neumann type estimation, due to R. R.Coifman and G.Weiss, on the transfer map belonging to the semigroup is deduced.

For given multiplicative function $f$, with $\left| f\left( n \right) \right|\le 1$ for all $n$, we are interested in how fast its mean value $\left( 1/x \right)\sum{_{n\le x}f\left( n \right)}$ converges. Halász showed that this depends on the minimum $M\,\left( \text{over}\,y\,\in \,\mathbb{R} \right)\,\text{of}\,\sum{_{p\le x}\left( 1-\operatorname{Re}\left( f\left( p \right){{p}^{-iy}} \right) \right)}/p$, and subsequent authors gave the upper bound $\ll \left( 1+M \right){{e}^{-M}}$. For many applications it is necessary to have explicit constants in this and various related bounds, and we provide these via our own variant of the Halász-Montgomery lemma (in fact the constant we give is best possible up to a factor of 10). We also develop a new type of hybrid bound in terms of the location of the absolute value of $y$ that minimizes the sum above. As one application we give bounds for the least representatives of the cosets of the $k$-th powers mod $p$.

1. Introduction. Let a1 a2, …, am be a set of real non-negative numbers and let

1.1 P(x) = a1x + a2x2 + … + amxm (am ≠ 0).

Many combinatorial problems can be reduced to the study of numbers Bn generated by

1.2.

Some problems of this type were treated by Touchard (7), Jacobsthal (3), Chowla, Herstein, Moore and Scott (1; 2), and the present authors (4).

Let F: X → Y be a multifunction from X to Y. Then, given measure-theoretic or topological structures on X and Y, it is possible in various ways to define the measurability of F. The selection problem is to determine which structures on X and Y and which definitions of measurability of F ensure that F will have a measurable selector. This problem has been studied recently in papers by Castaing (2) and Kuratowski and Ryll-Nardzewski (6). In the latter paper, the problem is studied for its own interest. The former uses solutions of the problem to obtain general Filippov-type theorems. (See, for example, the corollaries following Theorems 2 and 3 of Castaing's paper.) For other material on Filippov's results see, among others, (3; 4; 5; 7; 9).

If there is given a subgroup 5 of a (finite) group G, we may ask what information is to be obtained about the structure of G from a knowledge of the location of S in G. Thus, for example, famed theorems of Frobenius and Burnside give criteria for the existence of a normal subgroup N of G such that G = NS and 1 = N ⋂ S, and hence in particular for the non-simplicity of G. To aid in locating S in G, and to facilitate exploitation of the transfer, we single out a descending chain of normal subgroups of S. Namely, we introduce the focal series of S in G by means of the recursive formulae

It is well known that an ideal A in a. Dedekind domain has a prime radical if and only if A is a power of a prime ideal. The purpose of this paper is to determine necessary and sufficient conditions in order that a commutative ring with unit element have this property and to study the ideal theory in such rings. Domains with unit element having the above property possess many of the characteristics of Dedekind domains (however, they need not be Noetherian) and will be referred to in this paper as "almost Dedekind domains"—these domains are considered in Section 1.

Let f be a function on the product space V × W, where V and W are analytic manifolds, both either real or complex. The function f is said to be analytic (or bi-analytic) on V × W if it is analytic in the analytic structure induced on V × W by the corresponding structures on V and W. The function f is said to be separately analytic on V × W if, for each x in V, the function f(x, .) is analytic on W while, for each y in W, the function f (. ,y) is analytic on V. In the case of complex analytic manifolds, the classical theorem of Hartogs (3, chapter VII) states that the two notions of analyticity and separate analyticity are equivalent. For real analytic manifolds, it is known that such an equivalence does not hold, even if one adds the additional hypothesis that f is infinitely differentiate on V × W.

The Szász and Baskakov approximation operators are given by

1.1

1.2

respectively. For continuous functions on [0, ∞) with exponential growth (i.e. ‖ƒ‖A ≡ supx\ƒ(x)e–Ax\ < M) the modulus of continuity is defined by

1.3

where ƒ ∈ Lip* (∝, A) for some 0 < ∝ ≦ 2 if w2(ƒ, δ, A) ≦ Mδ∝ for all δ < 1. We shall find a necessary and sufficient condition on the rate of convergence of An(ƒ, x) (representing Sn(ƒ, x) or Vn(ƒ, x)) to ƒ(x) for ƒ(x) ∈ Lip* (∝, A). In a recent paper of M. Becker [1] such conditions were found for functions of polynomial growth (where (1 + \x\N)−1 replaced e–Ax in the above). M. Becker explained the difficulties in treating functions of exponential growth.