Junction- and metal oxide-field effect transistors are introduced and their operation is explained. Governing equations are presented. DC and switching applications are given. The Universal DC bias circuit is used to provide DC biasing for AC amplification circuits. The AC equivalents for the field-effect transistor are developed and then used to derive the properties of the common-source, common-drain, and common-gate amplifiers.

In this chapter, we rebuild the theory of linear cryptanalysis one last time. One of the reasons for doing this was already mentioned in Chapter 9: there are various combinatorial properties that might be useful, but for which there are no analytic methods. However, before attempting to address this issue, we must take a step back and try to improve our understanding of linear cryptanalysis.

The fundamentals and importance of different drug delivery systems – such as diffusion-controlled drug delivery systems, water penetration-controlled drug delivery systems, chemcially controlled drug delivery systems, responsive drug delivery systems, and particulate systems – are discussed in this chapter.

Basic polymeric chemistry discussed in this chapter includes polymerization processes as well as understanding that the molecular weight of polymers is determined using different ways of calculating averages. Factors influencing polymeric properties, such as chemical elements, structure, and their physical states are also discussed. Polymers most often used as biomaterials are similar to those widely used in everyday life, and this chapter includes various types of non-degradable and degradable polymers that have been explored for a variety of applications in biomedicine.

In Chapter1, it was explained how linear approximations can be used to set up key-recovery attacks using Matsui’s Algorithm 1 or 2. This chapter takes a closer look at Algorithm 2 and its improvements. The most important improvement, and the main topic of this chapter, is the “fast Fourier transformation method.”

This chapter provides the definition of a general ceramic as well as the classification and properties of various ceramics. Ceramics discussed include biodegradable, surface reactive, and nano-sized ceramics used in biomedical applications.

Different natural polymers that have applications in medicine are discussed in this chapter. Classified as protein-based or polysaccharide-based, these natural materials perform diverse functions in their natural environments such as intracellular communications, providing structure, storage, and acting as catalysts. In addition to natural polymers, other natural materials such as corals are also discussed.

Chapter 11 reconstructs the theory of linear cryptanalysis from a more general point of view. To do this, we need to cover some mathematical ground. We first discuss linear algebra over the field of complex numbers, and then turn to the Fourier analysis of functions on a finite Abelian group. Both of these topics play a central role in Chapter 11.

Determining the effectiveness of linear cryptanalysis is an application of statistical theory. In this chapter, we review some basic concepts from statistics and discuss how they are used to estimate the cost of linear attacks, and Matsui’s second algorithm in particular.

This chapter provides an array of different characterization techniques that are used to determine the surface and bulk properties of biomaterials. Principles underlying the various instruments that are typically used for characterization of biomaterials and their limitations are presented.