This chapter introduces linear cryptanalysis from the point of view that historically led to its discovery. This “original” description has the advantage of being concrete, but it is not very effective. However, it raises important questions that motivate later chapters.

This chapter describes how the behavior of biomaterials under different operating conditions is assessed for safety and efficacy during the medical device design process. The intrinsic properties of biomaterials are evaluated for various requirements such as their mechanical integrity and their reactions to their immediate environment. A selection of standard testing methods to predict the behavior of materials under different conditions are discussed in this chapter.

The main extensions of linear cryptanalysis were introduced in previous chapters; they are multiple, multidimensional, and zero-correlation linear cryptanalysis. However, these are far from the only extensions proposed in the literature. This chapter is a tour of some of the most important proposals. Most of the extensions of linear cryptanalysis discussed in this chapter are partly conjectural: they show how certain combinatorial properties might be used to attack cryptographic primitives, but do not provide a clear way to analyze or find these properties. Chapter 11 returns to this issue.

This chapter discusses the fundamentals of tissue engineering and the different cell types that are pertinent to this field. Typical scaffold fabrication techniques as well as common methods used to evaluate scaffolds, cell growing on scaffolds, and neo-tissue are also presented.

Metals used for medical devices and their properties are discussed in this chapter. Phase diagrams for each metal are also included to help students understand the importance of temperature and its role in determining a specific phase and structure.

Voltage and current sources, both independent and dependent, are introduced, along with resistors and their equivalent circuit laws. The Thevenin and Norton theorems are presented. Several examples of resistor applications are given. Various techniques for solving circuit problems are discussed, including Kirchhoff’s laws, the mesh loop method, superposition, and source transformation. Input resistance of measuring instruments is discussed and the various types of AC signals are presented.

This appendix collects some important facts about the normal distribution. These results are used throughout this book, and in particular in Chapters 4, 6, and 7.

Factors affecting protein structures and properties, formation of monolayers, forces influencing protein interactions and how proteins are adsorbed on different biomaterial surfaces are presented in this chapter. In addition, some of the commonly used methods to understand the behavior of adsorbed proteins are briefly discussed.

The chapter presents the fundamentals and importance of sterilization. Different methods used to sterilize medical implants are discussed, together with the principles behind determining the type of sterilization method suitable for an application.

In Chapter 1, we estimated the correlations of linear approximations by finding a suitable linear trail and applying the piling-up lemma, but this approach relied on an unjustified independence assumption. This chapter puts the piling-up lemma and linear cryptanalysis in general on a more solid theoretical foundation. This is achieved by using the theory of correlation matrices. Daemen proposed these matrices in 1994 to simplify the description of linear cryptanalysis.