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173651 results in Earth and Environmental Sciences

Page 5 of 8683

  • Introduction

  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 1-20

  • Summary

    Environmental defenders have been essential in protecting the environment and developing environmental law and governance. However, due to their struggles, they have been targeted by actors whose interests in capital accumulation and economic growth are affected. Besides being attacked through direct forms of violence, such as killings, physical assaults, and threats, environmental defenders are also retaliated through legal means. Hence, this chapter sets a background on an increasingly common phenomenon in Southeast Asia where law and legal institutions are mobilised by politico-business elites to intimidate environmental defenders.

  • Chapter 6 - Resistance against Lawfare

  • from Part Three - Strategic Dimensions of HEL
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 177-202

  • Summary

    This chapter examines how environmental movements challenge, halt, and prevent hegemonic environmental lawfare. The first part deals with rights-based legal mobilisation. It explores the mobilisation of human rights to build arguments in challenging hegemonic environmental lawfare in litigation and legal reform at the domestic, regional, or international levels. The second part problematises the rights-based mobilisation in Southeast Asia, demonstrating its problem in the region. Inspired by the ‘duty-turn’ in resistance studies, the third part proposes duty-based legal mobilisation by conceptualising the obligation to defend the environment as a justificatory defence in resisting hegemonic environmental lawfare.

  • Conclusion

  • from Part Three - Strategic Dimensions of HEL
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 203-220

  • Summary

    The book concludes by emphasising that HEL emerges as a reaction and response of the power holders to address challenges in their pursuit of economic growth and capital accumulation posed by environmental defenders without risking their legitimacy. In addition, it will also point out how the literature on environmental law is implicated by the findings discussed in the book. Finally, the book’s conclusion closes by providing insights for future research agenda on HEL.

  • Chapter 4 - Geographies and Weaponry of Lawfare

  • from Part Three - Strategic Dimensions of HEL
  • Agung Wardana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
  • Book:
    Turning Defenders into Defendants
    Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026, pp 123-152

  • Summary

    This chapter compares HEL in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines while interrogating the two strategic dimensions of geographies and weaponry. The geographical dimension encompasses three forms of jurisdiction: (1) subject-matter jurisdictions, that is, the legal procedures mobilised to silence, intimidate, or attack environmental defenders (criminal, civil, and administrative law); (2) territorial jurisdictions (legal institutions’ geographical scope of competence); and (3) sectoral jurisdictions (economic sectors where HEL is exercised). The weaponry dimension explains the legal provisions, including criminal offences, mobilised by state and private attackers to intimidate and punish environmental defenders. It reveals how environmental defenders in three countries are harassed through legal means, mainly the criminal justice system in resource-rich or industrialised regions.

Page 5 of 8683