Northwestern North America is a region of high biocultural diversity. Since time immemorial, Indigenous peoples here have relied on numerous species of plants, animals, fungi, and algae as sources of food, materials, and medicines. They have developed many strategies for survival and for reducing risks associated with unpredictable, changing environments. This chapter draws from diverse sources to present an overview of Indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge systems, specifically on practices and strategies relating to the management and enhancement of plant, algal, and fungal resources. These include, at a broad scale, plant community ownership, monitoring, conservation, ceremonial oversight, distributed access, knowledge exchange, and numerous technological innovations relating to particular plant resource populations. Practices to maintain the productivity and quality of these resources include the use of fire and other methods to clear areas for berry and geophyte production; soil enhancement through tilling and the use of fertilizers; partial and selective harvesting; thinning, pruning, and coppicing shrubs and trees; and transplanting, scattering, and replanting propagules. We conclude that Indigenous resource management has significantly shaped the abundance and distribution of certain plant species and enhanced the region’s overall plant biodiversity.

Gives a short description of the topics covered in the following chapters. The principles for limit states in wind the design of offshore structures are introduced. Further, the main working principles for horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind turbines are discussed.

Gives a short review of the linear dynamics of mechanical system, starting with a single degree of system, continuing with multibody systems, and ending with a continuous beam. Both frequency domain solutions and time domain methods are discussed.

Part one gives a description of the characteristics of the wind field over the ocean, including wind shear, turbulence and coherence. It shows how these parameters are modeled and used as an input to wind turbine analyses. The long-term statistics of the mean wind speed are discussed as well as the most common principles for wind speed measurements. In part two, the kinematics and dynamics of ocean waves are given in a form which in subsequent chapters is used in computing wave loads on structures, both in time and frequency domain. Long- and short-term wave statistics are discussed.

Describes the main components of an offshore wind turbine and discusses various substructures presently in use. For bottom-fixed turbines, the characteristics of monopiles, jackets, tripods and gravity-based substructures are discussed. Similarly, for floating wind turbines, the characteristics of semisubmersibles, tension-leg platforms, spar platforms and barges are discussed.

Introduces the concepts of hydrodynamic mass and damping, and shows how the inertia, damping and restoring matrices may be established for a six-degrees-of-freedom floating structure built from vertical columns and horizontal pontoons. Also, the computation of mass and damping matrices and wave loading general body shapes are addressed. How cancellation of wave loads may be obtained is demonstrated. The restoring effect of mooring lines is discussed, including frequency-dependent stiffness. Finally, control issues that are particular to floating wind turbines are discussed.

Discusses issues related to offshore wind farms such as layout of the wind turbines, wind turbine wakes and wake control. The wake behind wind farms is also illustrated. Further, the concept of levelized cost of energy is introduced.

Covers weather windows and duration statistics for marine operations as well as some issues related to multibody dynamics for lifting operations from a floating vessel. The impact load during mating operations is illustrated through an example and the statistics for impacts and snatch loads during mating operations are discussed. Mathieu instability is discussed in the context of a load hanging from a moving crane. The focus is on simple approaches to improve the understanding of the main features of the operations considered.