The 10-item Beliefs About Penis Size Scale (BAPS; Veale et al., 2014) measures boys’ and men’s beliefs about masculinity and shame related to their penis size. Penis size is a primary appearance concern of men, and these concerns may result in penile dysmorphic disorder, which is a form of body dysmorphic disorder specifically focused on being preoccupied with and distressed by one’s penis size. The BAPS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter discusses the development of the BAPS and provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings suggest that the BAPS is a unidimensional measure. Internal consistency reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, and discriminant validity support the use of the BAPS with boys and men. This chapter provides the BAPS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BAPS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 9-item Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire (BILD-Q; Atkinson & Diedrichs, 2021) assesses behavioral avoidance of important life activities due to body image and appearance concerns. Encompassing life domains beyond physical and mental health (e.g., participation in education and sport, socializing, seeking healthcare, self-assertion), the BILD-Q contributes to understanding the broader consequences of negative body image on individual development and future contribution to society. The BILD-Q can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. Women and men complete the same 28 items. This chapter first discusses the development of the BILD-Q and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have shown the BILD-Q to have a unidimensional factor structure. Its gender invariance has been upheld among early adolescents. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BILD-Q. This chapter provides the BILD-Q items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The 15-item Body Image Self-Consciousness (BISC) Scale (Wiederman, 2000) is a widely used contemporary measure of the extent individuals are self-conscious of their own bodily appearance during physical intimacy with a partner. The BISC Scale can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults with and without partnered sexual experience, and to those with male or female sexual partners. The BISC Scale is free to use in any setting. First, this chapter discusses the development of the BISC Scale and provides evidence of its psychometrics properties. Specifically, the BISC Scale has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is invariant across male and female genders. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BISC Scale. Next, this chapter provides BISC Scale items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BISC Scale, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, including permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers. A Polish translation of the BISC Scale is provided and a modified version of the BISC Scale for use with men specifically is described (M-BISC; McDonough et al., 2008).

The 23-item Body Compassion Questionnaire (BCQ; Beadle et al., 2021) assesses compassion directed towards one’s own body. The BCQ can be administered online and in-person to adolescents over 16, and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BCQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BCQ has been found to have a 3-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Gender invariance was demonstrated in the subscales, however overall score does not vary by gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BCQ. Next, this chapter provides the BCQ items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BCQ to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 7-item Drive for Muscularity Scale - YT (DMS-YT; Yelland & Tiggemann, 2003) measures the desire and motivation directed toward obtaining muscularity. The DMS-YT can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults across genders, including women. It is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the DMS-YT within the literature on gay men’s body image and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the DMS-YT has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with both men and women. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the DMS-YT. Next, this chapter provides the DMS-YT items, instructions for administration, the item response scale, the scoring procedure, and known translations. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 8-item Phenomenological Body Shame Scale - Revised PBSS-R assesses the degree to which an individual experiences shame about the body’s appearance or functioning. The scale is unique from other body shame scales in that it evaluates the phenomenological or embodied dimensions of shame, rather than its cognitive elements. The PBSS-R can be administered online to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the PBSS-R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PBSS-R has been found to have a one-factor structure within confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity, incremental validity, and convergent validity support the use of the PBSS-R. Next, this chapter provides the PBSS-R items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PBSS-R to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers

The 19-item Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS; Mayville et al., 2002) assesses the behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains of muscle dysmorphia, which is a variant of body dysmorphic disorder that involves the perceived lack of muscle mass and/or muscle definition. The MASS’s content was designed to capture the characteristics specific to muscle dysmorphia as a form of body dissatisfaction that primarily affects individuals involved in weightlifting. It can be used within research and as a measure of clinical change when treating muscle dysmorphia in applied settings. The MASS can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MASS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 5-factor solution among weightlifters. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, criterion validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the MASS. This chapter provides the MASS items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The 25-item Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for Men (BPSS-M; McFarland & Petrie, 2012) is a commonly used measure of male body satisfaction, which focuses on the degree a male-identified adolescent or adult is satisfied with their appearance, particularly with respect to leanness (or low body fat) and muscularity. The BPSS measures male body satisfaction across three factors: upper body, legs, and face. The BPSS-M can be administered online or in-person to male identifying adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BPSS-M and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BPSS-M’s 3-factor structure is upheld within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, concurrent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BPSS-M. Next, this chapter provides the BPSS-M items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 20-item Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (FSSI) and the 20-item Male Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (MSSI) have five subscales (elements) and can produce a total score for sexual subjectivity. The five measured elements (4 items each) assessed with each inventory are sexual body-esteem, entitlement to self-pleasure, entitlement to pleasure from a partner, self-efficacy in achieving desire and pleasure, and sexual self-reflection. The measure can be referred to as a measure of sexual subjectivity, psychological sexual health, or sexual self-perceptions. In total it assesses perceptions of the self as a sexual being with choice, desire, and deserving of pleasure. The FSSI and MSSI can be administered online or in-person and it has been included in research with adolescents and adults. The FSSI and MSSI are free to use. This chapter begins with a discussion of the development of the MSSI and FSSI from item generation to psychometric analyses. This is followed with psychometric information, including the factor structure and invariance, and evidence of reliability and validity. Additional sections cover administration, scoring, and information about abbreviated versions. Finally, the response scale, the items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and permissions, copyright and contact information are provided.

The two 18-item parallel forms of the Assessment of Body-Image Cognitive Distortions (ABCD; Cash et al., 2004) tap into distorted thinking related to how people process information about their physical appearance. It is based on the theory that people who are disproportionately invested in their appearance process attend to, encode, retrieve, recall, and interpret information in accordance with their appearance-related concerns (e.g., if no one comments favorably on their outfit, they may conclude that it is not flattering). ABCD items are phrased as hypothetical situations and respondents indicate the extent to which each situation is consistent with the mental conversations that they have about their own appearance. The ABCD can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults, and it is free to use. This chapter discusses the development of the ABCD and provides evidence of its psychometrics. There is evidence for its unidimensionality. Its internal consistency reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, incremental, and predictive validity. This chapter provides all items, the response scale, and instructions for administering and scoring the ABCD. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain and purchase the ABCD, permissions, copyright, and contact information are available for readers.

The 32-item Anti-Fat Microaggression Experiences Questionnaire (AFMEQ; Webb et al., 2019) assesses contemporary forms of weight bias that individuals living in larger bodies routinely confront. The AFMEQ can be administered online or in person to older adolescents and adults and has not been validated for use in younger populations. It is free to use in research settings. This chapter first discusses the development of the AFMEQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the AFMEQ has been found to have a four-factor structure within exploratory factor analyses (Micro-Assault, Micro-Insult, Micro-Invalidation, and Media-Influenced Microaggression), aligning with the original microaggression framework but adding a novel recognition of the influence of media in promulgating oppressive stereotypes denigrating higher-weight individuals. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the AFMEQ. Next, this chapter provides the AFMEQ items in their entirety, instructions for administering the AFMEQ to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated forms are not offered, and no known translations are currently available. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 59-item Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59; Moss, 2005) assesses appearance-related distress across various dimensions, including social anxiety, self-consciousness, and negative self-concept. The DAS can be administered both online and in-person to adolescents and adults and is available for £0.50 per use. This chapter first discusses the development of the DAS, which was created to address gaps in existing body image measures by capturing the broader psychological impact of visible differences. The DAS has a multidimensional factor structure, with five distinct factors identified through factor analysis, and strong psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: .85 to .95) and test-retest reliability. This chapter also outlines the scale’s administration process, scoring procedures, and item response format. A shorter version, the DAS-24, is available for quicker assessments. The DAS has been validated across diverse demographic groups, ensuring its applicability in both clinical and research settings. Permissions and guidelines for use, including translations and modifications, are provided to ensure consistent and accurate application of the scale.

The 12-item Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS; Phillips et al., 1997) is a widely used, semi-structured, clinician or rater-administered measure of a person’s current severity of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). To emphasize, the BDD-YBOCS is a severity measure and not a screening or diagnostic measure of BDD, and it should be used only in individuals who have already been diagnosed with BDD. The BDD-YBOCS has been the primary outcome measure in most treatment studies of BDD and is also used in clinical settings. It can be administered online or in-person to children, adolescents, and adults and is free to use, although a fee may be charged for more than a certain number of free uses. This chapter first discusses the development of the BDD-YBOCS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. It has three factors: a core symptoms factor (BDD diagnostic criteria), a resistance-control factor (for thoughts/preoccupation), and a repetitive behaviors factor. Internal consistency, interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the BDD-YBOCS. It is sensitive to change as a result of clinical intervention. This chapter directs readers for how to obtain the full list of items. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 20-item Fit Ideal Internalization Test (FIIT; Uhlmann et al., 2020) assesses girls’ and women’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that represent manifestations of three interrelated fit ideal internalization domains: personal idealization of the fit ideal, overvaluing of the fit ideal, and striving for a lean and toned female body shape. The FIIT operationalizes the fit ideal as a distinct set of ideals, values, and desires that differ from those associated with either the thin body ideal or the muscular body ideal. The FIIT can be administered online or in-person to female-identifying adolescent and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the FIIT and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FIIT has a 3-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses: Fit Idealization (8 items), Fit Overvaluation (8 items), and Fit Behavioral Drive (4 items). Evidence has been found for a higher-order factor. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FIIT. Next, this chapter provides the FIIT items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BIAAQ; Sandoz et al., 2013) is a 12-item measure of body image flexibility. Body image flexibility involves full awareness and openness to the experience of embodiment (e.g., body image thoughts, feelings, perceptions, sensations, etc.) in any one moment in such a way as to allow for engagement in valued action. The BIAAQ can be administered to adults or adolescents in person or online. This chapter discusses the development of the BIAAQ and provides evidence for its reliability and validity. More specifically, the majority of studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the BIAAQ have found the instrument to be composed of a single-factor. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BIAAQ. This chapter provides the BIAAQ items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated and translated versions are also summarized. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 15-item Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., 2019) assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with the pursuit of muscularity, such as the rigid monitoring of dietary intake, rigid adherence to dietary rules, regulation of protein intake, propensity for eating more or less to influence muscularity, and the overevaluation of muscularity-oriented eating. The MOET can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MOET and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis consistently suggest that the MOET is a unidimensional measure in a broad array of demographic and cultural settings. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MOET. Next, this chapter provides the MOET items in their entirety, instructions for administering the MOET to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 37-item Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2; Mehling et al., 2018) assesses body awareness; that is, the ability to notice sensory signals originating from inside the body that provide information about its physiological states, processes, and actions. The MAIA-2 can be administered online or in-person to adults, including to clinical populations such as people with chronic pain, eating disorders, and depression (the 32-item MAIA-Youth should be used for children and adolescents). The MAIA-2 is free to use, and no written permission is required to use it for scholarly and non-commercial purposes. This chapter first describes the development of the MAIA-2, and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the MAIA-2 was initially purported to have an 8-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. However, fit indices for the 8-factor model have been less-than-ideal in numerous studies, and more recently authors have found acceptable model fits when examining bi-factor models and a higher-order models, suggesting that the MAIA-2 items and scales, respectively, also load onto a general factor, with the exception of the Not-Distracting and Not-Worrying items, which may correlate with this factor. MAIA-2 scores are scalar invariant across men and women, and composite reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity largely support the use of the MAIA-2. Next, this chapter provides directions to the MAIA-2 items and instructions for administration, and the item response scale and scoring procedure. An overview of available translations and abbreviations is provided. Finally, permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided for readers.

The 14-item Muscularity Bias Internalization Scale (MBIS; He et al., 2022) assesses muscularity bias internalization or internalized muscularity stigma, which refers to the extent to which an individual endorses muscularity-based stereotypes and makes negative self-evaluations due to muscularity. The MBIS can be administered online and in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the MBIS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the MBIS has been found to have a three-factor structure in Chinese men but a two-factor structure in Chinese women. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MBIS. Next, this chapter provides the MBIS items, instructions for administering the MBIS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 19-item Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy scale (BUMPs; Kirk & Preston 2019) assesses body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. The BUMPs can be administered online and/or in-person to pregnant individuals and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BUMPs and then provides evidence of its psychometric validation. The BUMPs was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses which revealed a 3-factor structure with latent variables relating to (dis)satisfaction with appearing pregnant, concerns about weight gain, and physical burdens of pregnancy. The BUMPs is also found to be invariant across all three trimesters of pregnancy and therefore appropriate for use at all stages of pregnancy. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BUMPs. Next, this chapter provides the BUMPs items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BUMPs to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information concerning a retrospective version of the BUMPs and current known translations is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 14-item Intuitive Exercise Scale (IEXS; Reel et al., 2016) measures an individual’s adaptive relationship with exercise. Intuitive exercise is an exercise-specific parallel concept to intuitive eating; it entails listening to bodily cues for when to start or stop exercising, being mindful and having sensory awareness during exercise, and opting for diverse types of movement to maximize enjoyment. Intuitive exercise is distinguishable from other exercise constructs such as exercise abuse, excessive exercise, dysfunctional exercise, and exercise addiction. The IEXS can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the IEXS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the IEXS has a 4-factor structure via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis among nonclinical samples (emotional exercise, body trust, exercise rigidity, and mindful exercise) and a 3-factor structure among women with eating disorders (emotional exercise, body intuition, and exercise variety). Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the IEXS. Next, this chapter provides the IEXS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. A link to a Lithuanian translation is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.