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Chapter 90 - Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2 (MAIA-2)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2025

Virginia Ramseyer Winter
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Tracy L. Tylka
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Antoinette M. Landor
Affiliation:
University of Missouri
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Summary

The 37-item Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2; Mehling et al., 2018) assesses body awareness; that is, the ability to notice sensory signals originating from inside the body that provide information about its physiological states, processes, and actions. The MAIA-2 can be administered online or in-person to adults, including to clinical populations such as people with chronic pain, eating disorders, and depression (the 32-item MAIA-Youth should be used for children and adolescents). The MAIA-2 is free to use, and no written permission is required to use it for scholarly and non-commercial purposes. This chapter first describes the development of the MAIA-2, and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the MAIA-2 was initially purported to have an 8-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. However, fit indices for the 8-factor model have been less-than-ideal in numerous studies, and more recently authors have found acceptable model fits when examining bi-factor models and a higher-order models, suggesting that the MAIA-2 items and scales, respectively, also load onto a general factor, with the exception of the Not-Distracting and Not-Worrying items, which may correlate with this factor. MAIA-2 scores are scalar invariant across men and women, and composite reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity largely support the use of the MAIA-2. Next, this chapter provides directions to the MAIA-2 items and instructions for administration, and the item response scale and scoring procedure. An overview of available translations and abbreviations is provided. Finally, permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided for readers.

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

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References

Chapman, H. E., & Stewart, A. E. (2024). Interoceptive awareness in a Southeastern US college sample: Validation of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness–Version 2. BMC Research Notes, 17(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-024-06894-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferentzi, E., Olaru, G., Geiger, M., Vig, L., Koteles, F., & Wilhelm, O. (2021). Examining the factor structure and validity of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(5), 675684. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1813147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, A., Silas, J., Todd, J., Stewart, A., Acree, M., Coulson, M., & Mehling, W. E. (2021). Exploring the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness in youth aged 7–17 years. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 661682. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehling, W. E., Acree, M., Stewart, A., Silas, J., & Jones, A. (2018). The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, version 2 (MAIA-2). PLoS One, 13(12), e0208034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehling, W. E., Gopisetty, V., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Hecht, F. M., & Stewart, A. (2009). Body awareness: Construct and self-report measures. PLoS One, 4(5), e5614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehling, W. E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J. J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., & Stewart, A. (2012). The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 7(11), e48230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehling, W. E., Todd, J., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2022). Multidisciplinary Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2). In Medvedev, O. N., Krägeloh, C. U., Siegert, R. J. & Singh, N. N. (Eds.), Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research (pp. 123). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_40-1.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. L., Ledermann, K., & Garland, E. L. (2021). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement improves negative emotion regulation among opioid-treated chronic pain patients by increasing interoceptive awareness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 152, 110677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogowska, A. M., Tataruch, R., & Klimowska, K. (2023). Validation of the shortened 24-item Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (Brief MAIA-2). Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21270. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48536-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, J., Barron, D., Aspell, J. E., Toh, E. K. L., Zahari, H. S., Khatib, N. A. M., & Swami, V. (2020). Translation and validation of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 15(4), e0231048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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