Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS)

doi:10.1017/9781009398275.094

Chapter 93 - Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS)

Published online by Cambridge University Press: aN Invalid Date NaN

Stephen B. Mayville and

Irene González-Martí

Edited by

Virginia Ramseyer Winter ,

Tracy L. Tylka and

Antoinette M. Landor

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Virginia Ramseyer Winter: Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Tracy L. Tylka: Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Antoinette M. Landor: Affiliation:
University of Missouri

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Summary

The 19-item Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS; Mayville et al., 2002) assesses the behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains of muscle dysmorphia, which is a variant of body dysmorphic disorder that involves the perceived lack of muscle mass and/or muscle definition. The MASS’s content was designed to capture the characteristics specific to muscle dysmorphia as a form of body dissatisfaction that primarily affects individuals involved in weightlifting. It can be used within research and as a measure of clinical change when treating muscle dysmorphia in applied settings. The MASS can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MASS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 5-factor solution among weightlifters. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, criterion validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the MASS. This chapter provides the MASS items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

Keywords

Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale MASS muscle dysmorphia body dysmorphic disorder muscle mass negative body image body dissatisfaction weightlifting items scale development psychometric evidence factor structure reliability validity administration scoring available translations

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Type: Chapter
Information: Handbook of Body Image-Related Measures , pp. 279 - 281

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009398275.094 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2025

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

González-Martí, I., Fernández-Bustos, J. G., Contreras, O. R., &Mayville, S. B. (2012). Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: Escala de Satisfacción Muscular. Body Image, 9, 517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.05.002.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mayville, S. B., Williamson, D. A., White, M. A., Netemeyer, R. G., & Drab, D. L. (2002). Development of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: A self-report measure for the assessment of muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Assessment, 9(4), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191102238156.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pope, H. G. Jr, Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71400-2.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rubio-Aparicio, M., Badenes-Ribera, L., Sánchez-Meca, J., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2020). A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27(1), e12303. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12303.Google Scholar

Ryan, T. A., & Morrison, T.G. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale among Irish and British men. Body Image, 7(3), 246–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.008.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

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