We examined cognitive performance in children with complicated mild-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) versus orthopedic injury (OI) using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIH TB-CB).

We recruited children ages 3–18, hospitalized with complicated mild-severe TBI (n = 231) or orthopedic injury (OI, n = 146). Cognition was assessed using the NIH TB-CB at six and twelve months post-injury. We used linear mixed models to assess associations of injury group (TBI versus OI), timepoint (six versus twelve months), and the interaction of injury group and timepoint with NIH TB-CB Total Cognition, Fluid Cognition, and Crystallized Cognition composites, adjusted for sex and socioeconomic status (SES), with Bonferroni correction. We evaluated differences in cognition stratified by injury severity (complicated mild–moderate TBI vs severe TBI) using ANCOVA, adjusting for sex and SES.

Neither injury group nor the interaction of group and timepoint were associated with Total (group: p = 0.50; timepoint*group: p = 0.185), Fluid (group: p = 0.297; timepoint*group: p = 0.842), or Crystallized Cognition (group: p = 0.039; timepoint*group: p = 0.017). However, children with severe TBI performed significantly worse on Fluid and Total Cognition than children with complicated mild–moderate TBI at six months (Fluid: p = 0.004, partial η2 = 0.06, moderate effect, Total: p = 0.012 partial η2 = 0.03, small–moderate effect) and twelve months post-injury (Fluid: p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.11, moderate–large effect, Total: p = 0.002, partial η2 = 0.06, moderate effect).

The NIH TB-CB detects worse cognitive functioning in children with severe TBI six-twelve months post-injury, largely driven by differences in Fluid Cognition. Our findings suggest the NIH TB-CB may be suitable for monitoring cognition in children with TBI.

This study aimed to compare the outcome of the standard trans-cervical approach and modified trans-cervical approach regarding cosmesis and complications outcomes in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

In this study, 25 patients with submandibular salivary gland lesions adjudged not to be malignant neoplasia were included. They were randomised into the two groups by balloting method.

Twelve (48 per cent) patients had the traditional transcervical approach while 13 (52per cent) had the modified approach. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of general complication, transient paresthesia and wound infection (p > 0.05). The presence of a non-visible scar was reported in almost 85 per cent of patients in the modified trans-cervical approach group compared to 50 per cent in the standard trans-cervical approach group.

Though by observation the modified trans-cervical approach was superior to the standard trans-cervical approach, the differences were statistically insignificant.

To estimate the coexistence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits in an adult sample diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); to compare individuals with ASD traits to those without, in terms of functionality, quality life and clinical outcomes; to explore the effects of ADHD medication on three main outcomes (clinical, quality of life, and functionality) in those with only ADHD and in those with coexistence of ASD and ADHD

Prospective longitudinal study of an adult sample diagnosed with ADHD. Data were collected on age, gender, medications and on scales: Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ-10); Adult ADHD Clinical Outcome Scale; Adult ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire; Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale.

A sample of 165 participants was recruited. The AQ-10 showed that almost half, n = 74 (44.8%) of the participants had traits of ASD. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that people with ADHD and ASD traits have worse clinical outcomes, quality of life, social skills, and family functioning, compared to those with ADHD only.

The study shows a high rate of co-existence of ASD in adults with ADHD. Comorbid ASD traits were associated with poorer overall clinical and functional outcomes, quality of life, social skills, and family functioning. Study limitations with particular reference to dropout rate are considered. Implications for improving services are discussed.

Efficacy of gastric inlet patch (GIP) ablation using argon plasma coagulation (APC) for patients presenting with persistent throat symptoms was evaluated.

Retrospective observational study from a single university hospital. Consecutive patients who had GIP ablation for persistent throat symptoms between 01/10/2018-31/10/2023 were reviewed and patients who met all of the set inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study for analysis.

50% (n = 18/36) of patients responded to APC ablation (median follow-up 3 months) with their post-ablation GETS score decreasing by 30-100%. Long-term follow-up results could be obtained from 22 patients (n = 22/36) and 75% (n = 9/12) had their clinical effects maintained (median follow-up 4.5 years; range 2.7–5.8 years).

GIP ablation can be a very effective treatment for patients with persistent throat symptoms with its therapeutic effects long-lasting. Future studies should focus on evaluating the optimal patient selection process for GIP ablation for persistent throat symptoms.

Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation has emerged as a minimally invasive and preferred therapeutic option for patients with dysfunction of previously repaired right ventricular outflow tracts. The Myval™ Octacor valve is a new device designed for this purpose, though limited reports exist regarding its use in the pulmonary position.

To report the immediate and short-term outcomes of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation using the Myval™ Octacor valve in patients with severe right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit or pulmonary valve bioprosthesis dysfunction.

This was a single-centre retrospective review of data obtained from case files.

The Myval™ Octacor valve was used in ten patients with a mean age of 34.5 ± 7.4 years. The median procedure duration and fluoroscopy time were 146 minutes and 30.5 minutes, respectively. The median Z-score for valves used was −0.5. The median right ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 68.5 mmHg pre-procedure to 33 mmHg post-procedure. The median peak instantaneous gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract or conduit decreased from 30 mmHg to 6.5 mmHg. There were no reported incidences of frame fracture, conduit rupture, device embolisation, or endocarditis.

This is the first UK experience of using the new-generation Myval™ Octacor valve in percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. The results demonstrate the valve’s safety and clinical efficacy, with favourable outcomes in terms of procedural success, haemodynamic improvement, and echocardiographic findings.

Understanding the factors influencing alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment outcomes is essential. More knowledge about patient characteristics that predict treatment outcomes can help personalise interventions, improve treatment planning and address the needs of specific subgroups. The frequency of treatment attendance may also affect drinking outcomes after treatment. Despite research efforts, uncertainty remains about how patient factors and treatment attendance influence treatment outcomes.

To examine how patient factors and treatment attendance predict high- or low-risk drinking at the end of treatment.

We used data (N = 92) from a multisite observational study of treatment-seeking individuals with AUD attending group treatment. Sociodemographic measures, alcohol and substance use measures, cognitive functioning, psychological distress, personality functioning and quality of life were screened in univariate analyses. Significant variables were entered into a binary logistic regression model.

Individuals with a higher percentage of treatment attendance (odds ratio 0.96 [95% CI 0.93, 0.96]) and with greater responsiblity scores on the Severity Indices of Personality Functioning (odds ratio 0.30 [95% CI 0.14, 0.64]) had a decreased likelihood of high-risk drinking at treatment end. Substance use, psychological distress and cognitive functioning were not associated with drinking levels at the end of treatment.

A higher percentage of treatment attendance has a minor effect on drinking levels. Being more responsible, as reflected in higher scores on the responsibility domain, reduces the likelihood of high-risk drinking at the end of treatment. Clinicians are encouraged to screen and assess personality functioning when planning treatment for individuals with AUD.

Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT), an NHS England service providing talking therapies, is meeting its target recovery rate of 50%. However, engagement in treatment, as well as recovery rates, may be lower for some groups.

To assess variation in treatment completion and recovery rates by demographic and socioeconomic group and to describe rates of further referrals for patients to IAPT and secondary mental health services.

Using 121 548 administrative records for 2019–2020 and 2022–2023 for the Norfolk and Waveney area, we estimated associations of age, gender, ethnicity and deprivation with the likelihood of treatment completion and recovery using logistic regression modelling. We also described rates of further referrals.

Younger people and those living in deprived areas were less likely to recover or complete treatment, with those aged 16–17 years (n = 735) having the lowest adjusted odds for recovery (adjusted odds ratio = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.5–0.6) compared with those aged 36–70 years, and those aged 18–24 years (n = 23 563) having the lowest rate of completion (adjusted odds ratio = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.5–0.6). Further referrals before April 2022 were recorded for 45.4% of 6513 patients who had completed treatment and 68.8% of 9469 who had not completed treatment, and for 39.4% of 2007 recovered patients in 2019–2020 and 53.1% of 1586 who had not recovered. Non-completers had relatively more further referrals to secondary mental health services compared with completers (43.6% v. 22.8%; P < 0.01).

Younger people and those living in deprived areas have lower recovery and completion rates. Those who have completed treatment and not recovered have higher rates of further referrals.

Predicting long-term outcome trajectories in psychosis remains a crucial and challenging goal in clinical practice. The identification of reliable neuroimaging markers has often been hindered by the clinical and biological heterogeneity of psychotic disorders and the limitations of traditional case-control methodologies, which often mask individual variability. Recently, normative brain charts derived from extensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data-sets covering the human lifespan have emerged as a promising biologically driven solution, offering a more individualised approach.

To examine how deviations from normative cortical and subcortical grey matter volume (GMV) at first-episode psychosis (FEP) onset relate to symptom and functional trajectories.

We leveraged the largest available brain normative model (N > 100 000) to explore normative deviations in a sample of over 240 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who underwent MRI scans at the onset of FEP and received clinical follow-up at 1, 3 and 10 years.

Our findings reveal that deviations in regional normative GMV at FEP onset are significantly linked to overall long-term clinical trajectories, modulating the effect of time on both symptom and functional outcome. Specifically, negative deviations in the left superior temporal gyrus and Broca’s area at FEP onset were notably associated with a more severe progression of positive and negative symptoms, as well as with functioning trajectories over time.

These results underscore the potential of brain developmental normative approaches for the early prediction of disorder progression, and provide valuable insights for the development of preventive and personalised therapeutic strategies.

Older adults are more likely to develop delirium with COVID-19 infection. This cross-sectional cohort study was designed to explore the risk factors of delirium in hospitalized older adults with COVID-19 and to evaluate whether delirium is an independent predictor of mortality in this cohort of patients.

Data were collected through a retrospective clinical chart review of patients aged 65 years or older who were admitted to St. James’s Hospital between March 2020 and 2021 who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A total of 261 patients (2.8 % of total admissions 65 years or older) were included in this study. Patients who developed delirium were older (80.8 v. 75.8 years, p < 0.001), more likely to have pre-existing cognitive impairment (OR = 3.97 [95% CI 2.11–7.46], p < 0.001), and were more likely to be nursing home residents (OR = 12.32 [95% CI 2.54–59.62], p = 0.0018). Patients who developed delirium had a higher Clinical Frailty score (mean 5.31 v. 3.67, p < 0.001) and higher Charlson Co-morbidity index (mean 2.38 v. 1.82, p = .046). There was no significant association between in-hospital mortality and delirium in the patient cohort (p = 0.13). Delirium was associated with longer hospital stay (40.5 days v. 21 days, P = 0.001) and patients with delirium were more likely to be discharged to nursing homes or convalescence instead of home (OR = 8.46 [95% CI 3.60–19.88], p < 0.001).

Delirium is more likely to occur in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing risk factors for delirium, resulting in prolonged admission and functional decline requiring increased support for discharge.

This study investigates the seasonal and regional distribution of paediatric laryngomalacia admissions in the United States, hypothesizing higher admission rates in winter and colder regions due to reduced sunlight exposure affecting vitamin D levels.

We analyzed data from the 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID), focusing on children under three years old. Laryngomalacia cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) code Q31.5. Seasonal and regional differences in admission rates were assessed using Pearson’s chi-squared test, with a significance level of p less than 0.05.

Of 4,512,196 estimated national admissions, 11,638 were due to laryngomalacia. Admissions increased by 10.0 per cent in winter and decreased by 10.9 per cent in summer (p < 0.005). Regionally, admissions were higher in the Midwest/Central (18.6 per cent) and Northeast (9.3 per cent) and lower in the South (7.4 per cent) and West (11.1 per cent) (p < 0.005).

Laryngomalacia admissions are significantly influenced by seasonal and regional factors, likely related to environmental conditions affecting vitamin D synthesis.