The yellowfin, Thunnus albacares (Bonaterre), is one of the most important resources for commercial fisheries along the Mexican Pacific coast. The parasite fauna of this important marine resource has been documented in different regions across its global distributional range. However, few studies have been conducted on parasites of tuna populations in the Cortezian Marine Ecoregion (CME) in northwestern Mexico, despite the development of the fresh and frozen sushi/sashimi-grade tuna market in recent decades. Our study aimed at identifying the metazoan parasite fauna of T. albacares in the CME. Between 2023 and 2024, 17 individuals were studied for parasites before being processed. Parasites were collected and identified using morphological and molecular data. One hundred twenty-five metazoan parasites were collected, representing 10 species, including the monogeneans Hexostoma thynni (Delaroche, 1811) Rafinesque, 1815, Neobenedenia girellae (Hargis, 1955) Yamaguti, 1963, and Capsala sp., the digenean Hirudinella ahi (Pallas, 1774) Baird, 1853, the larval cestode Heterosphyriocephalus tergestinus (Pintner, 1913) Dallarés, Carrassón and Schaeffner, 2016, larval forms of the nematode Anisakis typica (Diesing, 1860) Baylis, 1920, the acanthocephalan Rhadinorhynchus laterospinosus Amin, Heckmann, and Ha, 2011, and three species of copepods, Euryphorus brachypterus (Gerstaecker, 1853), Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1865 and Brachiella thynni Cuvier, 1830. Anisakis typica reached the highest prevalence of infection in our samples, and along with R. laterospinosus, it reached the highest mean intensity values. This study reports a species that represents a zoonotic risk (A. typica) and contributes to the understanding of the parasite diversity of commercially important fish in the CME.

A redescription of Cloeosiphon aspergillus is presented based on the type material and additional specimens from Madagascar, South Africa, and New Caledonia. Cloeosiphon aspergillus is characterized by its pineapple-shaped anal shield, bidentate hooks arranged in rings, and a continuous longitudinal muscle layer. Additionally, a new species, Cloeosiphon mexicanus sp. nov. is described from the southern Mexican Pacific. This new species differs from C. aspergillus by having an inconspicuous secondary tooth on posterior hooks and the absence of spherical units along the basal margin of the anal shield. Furthermore, a discussion on the synonyms of C. aspergillus is included. This study expands the taxonomic knowledge of the genus Cloeosiphon and highlights the importance of the detailed description for accurate species recognition.

Lund’s fly, Cordylobia rodhaini (Calliphoridae), is an African blowfly considered to be an uncommon cause of furuncular myiasis. Far less is known about C. rodhaini than about the more frequently reported tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga. From 2011 to 2020, fly larvae were collected and analysed from 11 independent infestations of wild non-human primates and 10 independent infestations of humans (including 1 from this author) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. All 21 larvae were identified morphologically and genetically as C. rodhaini. Larvae from non-human primates were on average 4·5 times larger than larvae from humans. Non-human primates had empty furuncles, indicating recent egress of mature third instar larvae and completion of the larval stage of the lifecycle; however, eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) were photographed removing larvae from furuncles of grooming partners. A total of 4 closely related mitochondrial haplotypes were identified, 2 of which were shared by larvae from humans and non-human primates. Genetic variation within C. rodhaini from this single location was comparable to that within other calliphorid species. Non-human primates may play a larger role in the maintenance of C. rodhaini than previously known, and in certain forested locations C. rodhaini may be the predominant cause of furuncular myiasis. The sylvatic lifecycle of C. rodhaini may explain its differentiation from Cordylobia anthropophaga, which has a peridomestic lifecycle. In general, these findings shed new light on how myiasis-causing flies can adapt to different ecological settings and be regionally rare but locally abundant.

This study provides the first case reported of Paraprionospio treadwelli (Hartman, 1951) in the Gulf of Mexico. Based on 242 individuals collected between 20.8 and 176 m depth during three oceanographic expeditions, we describe in detail the morphology of the identified specimens, including the description of the pygidium, so far unknown in this species, and provide SEM photographs to support their identification. Paraprionospio treadwelli was originally found in Chesapeake Bay, Northwestern Atlantic, and we now extend its distribution southwards to the Western Gulf of Mexico. Remarks on the environmental conditions where this spionid species was found and the observed abundance seasonal pattern are also provided.

The family Brachycladiidae (Digenea) is a species-rich taxon restricted to marine mammals, well-known for its associated pathogenic load, but otherwise poorly understood. A major gap in our knowledge is their circulation pathways, as the life cycle has been elucidated only for a single brachycladiid species, Orthosplanchnus arcticus, a parasite of pinnipeds. Our goal was to determine whether small ocellate metacercariae previously reported from the Barents Sea edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) belong to the brachycladiids. We searched for brachycladiid metacercariae in nine bivalve species across three sub-Arctic Seas. They were found in three cardiid species (Ciliatocardium ciliatum, C. edule, and Serripes groenlandicus) and a scallop, Chlamys islandica. Surprisingly, we discovered numerous brachycladiid metacercariae in a single infected whelk, Buccinum undatum. Obtained molecular genetic data (mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal) indicated that all these metacercariae belong to O. arcticus. We used statistical analysis to explore potential preferences for the second intermediate hosts in this brachycladiid species. The results suggest that bivalve size, rather than species, more accurately predicts infection patterns with O. arcticus metacercariae. We also found no significant differences in morphology between metacercariae from different bivalve species. As such, O. arcticus exhibits broad specificity for the second intermediate hosts, with larger bivalve individuals showing higher infection rates. We discuss the factors underlying this broad specificity, the benefits of larger bivalve preference, and the unequal contribution of different hosts in the transmission of a parasite. Finally, we highlight the potential zoonotic risk associated with O. arcticus due to human consumption of its intermediate hosts.

Ideas about morphological complexity have been used to classify languages and to link complexity to language age and social structure. Creoles and sign languages are often framed as younger and structurally simpler than other languages. Concurrently, sign language morphology has been described as paradoxical, as both simple and complex. This paper is a critical examination of claims about morphological complexity and its relationship to language age and social structure. We show that the theoretical and empirical foundations of claims that sign language morphology is paradoxical are flawed. Specifically, argumentation and evidence supporting analogies between creole and sign language complexity adopt theoretically contested and ideologically problematic assumptions about creoles and uncritically apply them to sign languages. We identify four flaws in argumentation: (i) use of limited morphological data to generate claims about global complexity, (ii) association of binary language categories with categorical complexity differences, (iii) use of language age to motivate predictions about morphological complexity, and (iv) extrapolating from creole complexity to sign language complexity. Based on these flaws, we develop nine theoretical and practical recommendations for working with morphological complexity and discuss uncritical cross-disciplinary transfer of ideas.

This study examined how word identification is influenced by interword spacing and morphological complexity in Thai, a script without interword spacing. While previous research supported the facilitative effect of interword spacing on Thai word identification, they did not account for the potential effects of the words’ morphological structure. The challenge of word identification becomes more pronounced when readers have to identify compound words (e.g., bathroom) when reading sentences without interword spacing. In an eye-tracking experiment that manipulated interword spacing (unspaced, spaced) and noun type (bimorphemic compound, monomorphemic) in Thai sentences, we confirmed previous findings that interword spacing has a facilitative effect on word identification, as evidenced by shorter first fixation duration, gaze duration and total fixation time. Furthermore, we observed an interaction effect indicating that interword spacing had a larger facilitative effect on the identification of compounds compared to monomorphemic words. Our results also revealed that the morphological structure of Thai words can influence saccadic movements, e.g., the first fixation landing position was closer to the beginning of compounds than to simple words. We suggest that the orthography-language interface, a language-specific feature, should be considered a major component in eye movement models of reading.

Non-native languages tend to be acquired through a combination of explicit and implicit learning, where implicit learning requires coordination of language information with referents in the environment. In this study, we examined how learners use both language input and environmental cues to acquire vocabulary and morphology in a novel language and how their language background influences this process. We trained 105 adults with native languages (L1s) varying in morphological richness (English, German, Mandarin) on an artificial language comprising nouns and verbs with morphological features (number, tense, and subject-verb [SV] agreement) appearing alongside referential visual scenes. Participants were able to learn both word stems and morphological features from cross-situational statistical correspondences between language and the environment, without any instruction. German-speakers learned SV agreement worse than other morphological features, which were acquired equally effectively by English or Mandarin speakers, indicating the subtle and varied influence of L1 morphological richness on implicit non-native language learning.

The present study describes a new Ditylenchoides species, isolated from Meknès, Morocco, during nematode surveys conducted to investigate the biodiversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in Mediterranean olive groves and adjacent patches of natural vegetation. Application of integrative taxonomical approaches clearly verified that it is a new species designated herein as Ditylenchoides morocciensis sp. nov., also representing the first report of the genus in Morocco. The new species is parthenogenetic, characterised by a short body 460 (373–528 μm); stylet delicate, relatively short, 8.7 (8.0–9.0) μm long with rounded basal knobs; six lines in the lateral fields; median bulb of pharynx oval, muscular and valvate; secretory-excretory pore located at the level of basal pharyngeal bulb region; vulva located at 79.9 (76.9–81.3) % of body length; relatively long post-vulval uterine sac 29.1 (20.0–39.0) μm; and a subcylindrical tail 24.4 (22.0–28.0) μm long, with a bluntly rounded tip. The results of molecular analysis of D2-D3 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, partial 18S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences support for the new species status and clearly separated D. morocciensis sp. nov. from all other species within Ditylenchoides. Phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal markers (D2-D3 28S rRNA and partial 18S rRNA) of this study confirms that Ditylenchoides is a monophyletic genus, clearly separated from other genera within Anguinoidea.

Recent research has shown that 6-month-olds relate novel words suffixed with -s, like babs, that are embedded in passages, with just the stem bab, demonstrating an early sensitivity to morphological relatedness. This study builds on these findings by investigating the role of allomorphy in early morphological acquisition. We tested whether infants relate novel words suffixed with [-z] and [-s] allomorphs of the -s suffix and their stems. We find that English-learning 6-month-olds relate novel words suffixed with the [-z], but not [-s], allomorph with stems, providing evidence for an acquisition trajectory where infants discover morphemes one allomorph at a time.

Cryphodera guangdongensis n. sp. was collected from the soil and roots of Schima superba in Guangdong province, China. The new species is characterised by having a nearly spherical female, with dimensions of length × width = 532.3 (423.8–675.3) × 295.6 (160.0–381.2) μm, stylet length of 35.7 (31.1–42.1) μm, protruding vulval lips, a vulval slit measuring 54.2 (47.4–58.9) μm, an area between the vulva and anus that is flat to concave, and a vulva–anus distance 49.3 (41.1–57.6) μm. The male features two lip annules, a stylet length of 31.7 (27.4–34.8) μm and basal knobs that are slightly projecting anteriorly, while lateral field is areolated with three incisures and spicules length of 27.1 (23.7–31.0) μm. The second stage juvenile is characterised by a body length of 506.1 (441.8–564.4) μm long, two to three lip annules, a stylet length 31.2 (29.7–33.2) μm which is well developed, basal knobs projecting anteriorly, a lateral field that is areolate with three incisures, and a narrow rounded tail measuring 63.2 (54.2–71.3) μm long, with a hyaline region of 35.6 (27.4–56.6) μm long that is longer than the stylet. Based on morphology and morphometrics, the new species is closely related to C. sinensis and C. japonicum within the genus Cryphodera. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on the ITS-rRNA, 28S-rRNA D2–D3 region, and the partial COI gene sequences indicate that the new species clusters with other Cryphodera species but maintains in a separated subgroup. A key to the species of the genus Cryphodera is also provided in this study.

Homophonous morphs have been reported to show differences in acoustic duration in languages such as English and German. How common these differences are across languages, and what factors influence the extent of temporal differences, is still an open question, however. This paper investigates the role of morphological disambiguation in predicting the acoustic duration of homophones using data from a diverse sample of 37 languages. Results indicate a low overall contribution of morphological affiliation compared to other well-studied effects on duration such as speech rate and Final Lengthening. It is proposed that two factors increase the importance of homophony avoidance for the acoustic shape of morphs: crowdedness (i.e. the number of competing homophones) and segmental make-up, in particular the presence of an alveolar fricative. These findings offer an empirically broad perspective on the interplay between morphology and phonetics and align with the view of language as an adaptive and efficient system.

This paper presents a study focusing on the morphological variations in Southwestern Norwegian preschool children’s role-play register. Within this register, the children switch between their local Southwestern Norwegian dialect and a Central Eastern Norwegian variety similar to the Oslo dialect. Although the majority of the children (with the exception of two) employ this Central Eastern Norwegian variety in role-play, two children exhibited a significantly greater degree of usage compared to the others. Consequently, these two children were selected for an in-depth analysis. The detailed analysis reveals that while the Central Eastern Norwegian variety is used for most variables by both children, the extent to which they code-switch depends on the individual child and the specific variable in question. The observed variation across variables and between the children is examined and discussed in the paper.

Detection approaches based on environmental DNA (eDNA) are widely used for free-living species but remain underutilized for parasite species. This study applies eDNA detection methods to elucidate the life cycle of the trematode Curtuteria arguinae, which infects the socioeconomically and ecologically important edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) as its second intermediate host along the northeastern Atlantic coast, including Arcachon Bay, France. The first intermediate and definitive hosts remained unknown. To identify these hosts – presumed to be a gastropod and a shorebird – we developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based eDNA approach targeting partial cox1 and SSU gene regions of C. arguinae. We tested for C. arguinae eDNA presence in water samples containing separately five dominant gastropod species and fecal samples from known cockle predators, the European oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) and gulls (Larus spp.), collected in Arcachon Bay. C. arguinae eDNA was only detected in water containing the needle snail (Bittium reticulatum), with cercarial emergence confirming infection in 1.6% of individual hosts. Morphological analysis of the cercarial and metacercarial stages revealed variability in collar spine visibility. Additionally, C. arguinae was detected by qPCR in 42% of oystercatcher feces and no gull feces, suggesting oystercatchers are the definitive host. This study is the first to elucidate the complete life cycle of C. arguinae, identifying B. reticulatum as its first intermediate host and H. ostralegus as its definitive host. Our findings highlight the potential of eDNA approaches for resolving parasite life cycles and enabling advances in ecological research on C. arguinae.

The caryophyllidean tapeworm Khawia armeniaca has long been regarded as an exceptionally widespread species within its genus, notable for its significant morphological variability. However, with the accumulation of molecular data from different fish hosts, K. armeniaca was suspected to represent a species complex. To clarify the true identity of these parasites, a comprehensive morphological and molecular study (using 18S, 28S and ITS2 ribosomal regions) of K. armeniaca tapeworms from barbels (Barbinae) across the Iberian Peninsula and the Middle East has been conducted. The results revealed two genetically distinct lineages within the K. armeniaca complex. The first lineage, found in Arabibarbus grypus, Barbus lacerta, Capoeta birunii, Carassobarbus luteus, Luciobarbus barbulus, L. esocinus and L. kersin in Iraq and Iran, is genetically congruent with K. armeniaca (Cholodkovsky, 1915), originally described from the Sevan khramulya (Capoeta sevangi) in Armenia. The second lineage, identified in Luciobarbus bocagei (type host), L. comizo and L. guiraonis from Portugal and Spain, is described as Khawia iberica n. sp. In addition to clear molecular divergence, K. iberica can be distinguished from K. armeniaca by notable morphological differences, including variations in the shape, structure and size of the ovary, the anterior extension of the vitelline follicles, the testes and several morphometric parameters.