Papal tombs are a primary source for the study of papal politics. This chapter gives a chronological overview of papal burials, from early Christendom to the end of the fifteenth century. It addresses questions of burial preferences, church topography (especially in St. Peter’s and St. John Lateran in Rome), as well as the individual appearance of each monument. For the late Middle Ages, the importance of artists to formal innovation is underlined (Arnolfo di Cambio) and set in relation to the patron’s choice of traditions the monument is meant to refer to in its placement and appearance – to antique, French, or Italian models. The increasing number of funeral monuments for members of the Church hierarchy, as well as for laymen, kings, and nobles, starting in the thirteenth century, stiffened the competition in monumental burial and increased the need to develop appropriate papal features.

This chapter delves into the intricate social, political, and theological mechanisms that progressively linked the historical figure of Saint Peter the Apostle to the city of Rome, and, more specifically, the Roman Church, from the late fourth to the late sixth centuries. The central argument posits that the escalations of papal authority during this era, especially those rhetorically justified by ties to the historical Peter, were predominantly aspirational. These escalations often surfaced as a direct counter-response to local or international humiliations. Consequently, this chapter challenges the traditional historiographical narrative of a perpetually powerful and assertive late-ancient papacy that ushered the Church into the Middle Ages from a vantage point of strength and acknowledged authority. It presents a nuanced perspective that acknowledges the complexities and realities of the time.

The Athenian experience may help us to sharpen several decisive questions of our time: In what form do the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion that run through a group build a true society that is more than the sum of its disparate networks? Conversely, by what processes does a society come to tear itself apart, or even disintegrate? How do heterogeneous social arenas and temporalities coexist within it? Under what conditions should the fervor of exceptional situations be maintained without sinking into totalitarian unity? All these questions unfold with clarity in one quite singular moment of the history of Athens: the civil war of 404/3 BC.

This chapter introduced algebraic formulations as an innovative approach to 2DGS and 3DGS. These formulations capture the essence of the reciprocal relationship, representing the dual diagram algebraically. While requiring deeper insight into reciprocity, this method surpasses traditional approaches in its potency. With the aid of modern computational tools, we can efficiently navigate the solution space of these equations. The resultant algebraic framework promises increased efficiency, flexibility, and precision, enhancing our understanding of the relationship between form and force. Such advancements prove invaluable not only for academic pursuits but also for practical applications.

The method of Algebraic graphic statics comes with certain limitations. Primarily, it’s suited for linear static issues and linear constraints. Handling more intricate problems, such as the previously mentioned constraints on face areas, might not be straightforward. Such challenges may require quadratic functions, increasing the computational effort and cost for solutions. In terms of the implementation, although the data structure allows self-intersecting faces and cells to exist through later manipulation, the initial construction of the data structure cannot accept self-intersecting surfaces, i.e., all cells in the starting primal diagram need to be convex; otherwise, the topology cannot be detected and defined properly.

We invite the interested reader to visit other related topics under graphic statics, including vector-based 3D graphic statics \cite{Cremona1890,EPFL-CONF-218827,D'Acunto_2019}, and approaches using projections of polyhedral systems to higher dimensions and back by \cite{Konstantatou} and \cite{Baranyai2021}. Furthermore, \cite{Lee2018} proposed a method called \textit{Disjointed Force Polyhedra} where the equilibrium of the system was computed by constructing a single convex polyhedron for each node using Extended Gaussian Image algorithm, and then areas of the adjacent faces have matching areas but are allowed to have different shapes \cite{Lee2018,Lee2018phd}. In \cite{mcrobie_2016_minkowski}, a methodology was introduced for the computation and visualization of the Maxwell (in two dimensions) and Rankine (in three dimensions) diagrams that are reciprocal to a truss subjected to load. The formulation of these reciprocals is grounded in the Minkowski summation of the polyhedral stress functions inherent to both the original and the reciprocal diagrams. This approach aligns seamlessly with 3D graphic statics that utilize polyhedral reciprocal diagrams.

This chapter traces the conflicting history of the relationship between the popes and the Inquisitions from the early modern period onwards, with a prologue on the late Middle Ages. Its scope embraces the Roman Holy Office alongside the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions, with their offshoots in the colonies, since to suppose that these latter were institutions entirely dependent on the Iberian monarchies is over-simplistic. The Roman court and the Index are treated more extensively, especially since the Holy Office was considered the most eminent Congregation of the Curia. The text also seeks to determine the extent to which the Roman Inquisition impinged on the autonomy of the popes or the development of Catholic dogma and orthopraxy on a global scale. Lastly, it looks at the later evolution of the Holy Office up until its mutation into the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the twentieth century.

Misinformation pervades our everyday lives, ranging from dangerous to harmless, malicious to well-intentioned. Intentional deception is a wide-reaching form of misinformation, that is sometimes harmful and sometimes socially positive or acceptable. Deception includes various behaviors that obscure the truth, mislead, or promote falsehoods. Misrepresentation, in certain instances, may be misleading or false but is normatively expected as standard practice. Thus, we ask: What aspects of deception produce different perceptions? How can community governance of misinformation adjust based on social perceptions and norms? This chapter addresses these questions, exploring governance of everyday misinformation in three Instagram domains: dating, food, and retail.

I understand the seduction of property. I grew up in rented houses and my mother let her eyes trace pictures in Country Life. So did I – so do a lot of others. They call it property porn. I’ve found the magazines piled up in the bathrooms of very respectable people.

How much more compelling is property if it comes with a handsome proprietor. I must remember, it’s fantasy.

Storytelling is everyday information behavior that, when it goes wrong, can propagate misinformation. From accurate data to misinformed stories, what goes wrong with the process? This chapter focuses on the dynamics of storytelling in misinformation as a problematic aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic in three widely circulated problematic stories. Storytelling offers a framework for researching collective experiences of information as a process that is inherently based in communities, with knowledge commons that are instantiated by the telling and retelling of stories, temporarily or permanently. To understand how difficult information is to govern in story form and through storytelling dynamics, this chapter uses storytelling theory to explore three recent cases of COVID-19 misinformation related to medicine misuse, exploiting vaccine hesitancy, and aftermath of medical racism. Understanding what goes wrong with these stories may be key to public health communications that engage effectively with communitiesÕ everyday misinformation challenges.Ê

This chapter lists the major findings of the book, acknowledges the limitations of its analysis, and lists a number of topics for future research that the book suggests. The four most important findings are as follows: (1) The struggle between hierarchs and resisters to hierarchy is conducted in large part in moral terms because each side must form and sustain coalitions, and morality is an important resource for doing this because compliance with moral norms removes or reduces the most important obstacles to effective coalition-building. (2) The struggle is co-evolutionary, with the interaction of opposing moral appeals, resulting in the construction of new moral concepts, principles, and justifications for the rightful accession to and uses of unequal power. (3) Under certain conditions, this struggle results in social changes that are deemed progressive from the standpoint of a wide range of moralities. (4) There is no guarantee that the struggle will in the long-run produce morally progressive results, and what progress has been achieved was highly contingent upon a fortuitous convergence of conditions; nevertheless, the fact that there have been recurring patterns of progressive change indicates that further progress is possible.

The Secretariat of State is a body of the Roman Curia that is closely linked to the heart of the papacy, insofar as it operates in direct union with the pope and makes his wishes a reality. Studying its development is helpful for identifying the evolution of the policies of the popes and, above all, the evolution of the institution of the papacy. The more the papacy assumes a central role in Catholicism, the more it requires effective political offices. Thus, the Secretariat of State constitutes that key uniting feature between the will of the pope and the structure of the Roman government, local churches, and national governments. The history of the Secretariat of State is an institutional history and a history of its members; it is a history that can be properly understood from the perspective of religious history; it is a history of the ideas and power within the Church.

It has been long recognised that up to 80% of patients with psychiatric disorders may suffer with some degree of sleep complaint. Historically, sleep disturbance has been regarded as an epiphenomenon of the primary psychiatric disorder, but their bidirectional relationship is increasingly recognised. It is also clear that sleep disorders increase the risk of developing episodes of psychiatric disorders and that they modulate psychiatric symptom expression. Similarly, both micro- and macrostructure of sleep may dynamically change during various stages of major psychiatric disorders, further aggravating their prognosis and symptom development. Thus, concurrent and decisive management of sleep should be a pivotal part of the clinical management of all psychiatric disorders.