In Chapter 12, the basic operational and device design principles of commonly used memory devices are discussed. The memory devices covered include CMOS SRAM, DRAM, bipolar SRAM, and several commonly used in nonvolatile memories. Typical read, write, and erase operations of the various memory arrays are explained. The issue of noise margin in scaled CMOS SRAM cells is discussed. A brief discussion of more recent developments of NAND flash technologies, including multi-bit per cell, 3D NAND, and wear leveling is given.

The first several chapters of the book focused on a set of related constraints on human cognitive abilities that systematically influence the ability of decision makers make choices consistent with their underlying preferences. In this chapter, we turn squarely to where preferences come from that those decision makers are trying to maximize in the first place. The discussion starts with a challenge to a common assumption: that people are mostly concerned with their personal, material self-interest when they make decisions about politics. BPS approaches have discovered a wide variety of motivations for political choices that reach far beyond simple economic self-interest. Symbolic values springing from personality traits, social norms, group identities, and morals can lead to decisions quite far removed from what would be in many individual’s narrow material self-interest. By bringing such alternative motivations into our models, we can understand politics much more deeply and delve into the “black box” of preference formation.

The ancients believed that emotions were an obstacle to rational thought and good governance. Plato argued for government run by an enlightened king who could resist the influence of personal desires and emotions and employ only reason in pursuit of the common good. Fast forward a couple of thousand years, and an interesting set of ideas about the role of emotion has emerged from the fields of cognitive and neuropsychology. The most exciting, and perhaps surprising, discovery is that Plato, and many other since, might have been all wrong about emotion. Emotions are not biases to be repressed in order to make good decisions. Instead, they are often essential for making rational decisions. The chapter reviews a variety of perspectives on this interesting new idea, including affective intelligence theory, hot cognition, valence theory, cognitive appraisal theory, and the role of biology and evolution in emotion.

In , the total and specific impulse were introduced since they were used in comparing different types of rocket engines. It was illustrated there that the specific impulse is an important indicator of efficiency and overall system performance. This chapter presents the general equations and parameters that measure chemical rocket performance as a function of the propellant and chamber characteristics, nozzle design, and operating altitude.

This introductory chapter starts with a classification of propulsion systems. This allows us to get familiar with some of the nomenclature used in this text. A brief history of jet propulsion is presented in order to understand the evolution of propulsion systems. The jet propulsion principle is then presented, and the expression of jet engine thrust is introduced using elementary arguments. A rigorous derivation of the thrust expression will be presented in .

The basic components of a bipolar transistor are described in Chapter 9. Both vertical bipolar transistors, including SiGe-base transistors, and symmetric lateral bipolar transistors on SOI are covered. The discussion focuses on the vertical n–p–n transistors, since they are the most commonly used. The difference between n–p–n vertical transistors and symmetric lateral n–p–n transistors are pointed out where appropriate. The basic operation of a bipolar transistor is described in terms of two p–n diodes connected back to back. The basic theory of a p–n diode is modified and applied to derive the current equations for a bipolar transistor. From these current equations, other important device parameters and phenomena, such as current gain, Early voltage, base widening, and diffusion capacitance, are examined. The basic equivalent-circuit models relating the device parameters to circuit parameters are developed. These equivalent-circuit models form the starting point for discussing the performance of a bipolar transistor in circuit applications.

A material exhibits flow if shear forces, however small, lead to a deformation which is unbounded – we could use this as a definition of a fluid. A solid has a fixed shape, or at least a strong limitation on its deformation when force is applied to it. Within the category of ‘fluids’, we include liquids and gases. The main distinguishing feature between these two fluids is the notion of compressibility. Gases are usually compressible – as we know from everyday aerosols. Liquids are generally incompressible – a feature essential to all modern car brakes. However, some gas flows can also be incompressible, particularly at low speeds.

We introduce BPS, a research paradigm which takes seriously the cognitive limitations and varied motivations of citizens and elites as they make politics happen around the world. The most important claim in this book is that a set of ideas from psychology, economics, political science and communication studies can be combined in a simple way to greatly enhance our understanding of politics. These approaches can help explain the many deviations we see in political attitudes, political decision making, and political behavior that are often predicted from the dominant, alternative approach to understanding politics: RCT. The BPS paradigm encapsulates a broad set of research programs that challenge traditional assumptions about the processes and motivations structuring political decision-making, including: (1) the role, use and influence of heuristics and cognitive biases on decision-making, 2() the effects of message framing on political attitudes, (3) institutional factors and the psychology of group-decision making in state policy formation, (4) the role of emotions in political behavior, (5) individual differences in preferences stemming from personality, values and norms, and (6) the importance of motivation and identity in information processing.

This chapter presents the main jet engine components: inlet diffuser, compressor, combustor, turbine, and exit nozzle. Typical configurations are presented for each component, followed by a description of the main processes and parameters. The performance of each component is then related to the engine real cycle, which establishes a tight connection between this chapter and . The section describing the combustors is also connected toand .

This chapter deals with the more complex short-channel MOSFETs. Most circuits are built with short-channel devices because of their higher current and lower capacitance. Among the main topics are short-channel effects, scale length model, velocity saturation, and non-local transport. A ballistic MOSFET model is described on the current limit of a MOSFET. Next considered are the major device design issues in a CMOS technology: choice of threshold voltage based on the off-current requirement and on-current performance, power supply voltage, design of nonuniform channel doping, and discrete dopant effects on threshold voltage. The last section discusses high-field effects in a short-channel MOSFET.

Chapter 3 covers the basic physics and operation of p−n junctions and Schottky diodes as well as metal−silicon contacts in general. p−n junctions are basic building blocks of bipolar transistors and key components of MOSFETs. Basic knowledge of their characteristics is a prerequisite to further understand the operation of bipolar devices and for designing MOSFETs. And basic knowledge of Schottky diodes is a prerequisite to understand metal−silicon contacts in general and for designing ohmic contacts with low contact resistance. The chapter ends with a discussion of high-field effects in reverse-biased diodes.

Rocket propulsion is a form of jet propulsion where mass (or matter) is accelerated from storage to high exit velocities. Rockets differ from typical air-breathing jet propulsion in that the rocket vehicle itself supplies all the propellant for the rocket motor. The exception to this is the mixed-mode (or multi-mode) engine that will be discussed later in this chapter.