Chapter 2 covers the appropriate level of basic device physics to make the book self-contained, and to prepare the reader with the necessary background on device operation and material physics to follow the discussion in the rest of the book. Starting with the energy bands in silicon, Chapter 2 introduces the basic concepts of Fermi level, carrier concentration, drift and diffusion current transport, and Poisson’s equation. Also addressed in this chapter are generation and recombination, minority carrier lifetime, and current continuity equation.

The Reynolds numbers associated with flows past aircraft or ships are typically large, indeed of the order of ${10}^8$ of ${10}^9$; recall Remark 4.36 and . For individual wings or fins, the Reynolds number may be an order of magnitude or two smaller. However, such Reynolds numbers are still large and the flow around a wing for example is well approximated by Euler flow. We can imagine the flow over the top of the wing of an aircraft has a high relative velocity tangential to the surface wing directed towards the rear edge of the wing.

The mass, momentum, and energy balance equations and the second law of thermodynamics equation are used to model the transport phenomena in propulsion systems. A simplified version of these equations that assumes the flow is steady and one-dimensional is frequently used for the pre-design and analysis of the propulsion systems.

Chapter 10 covers the basic design of a bipolar transistor. The design of the individual device regions, namely the emitter, the base, and the collector, are discussed separately. Since the detailed characteristics of a bipolar transistor depend on its operating point, the focus of this chapter is on optimizing the device design according to its intended operating condition and environment, and on the tradeoffs that must be made in the optimization process. The physics and characteristics of SiGe-base bipolar transistors are discussed in depth. The design of symmetric lateral bipolar transistors on SOI is also covered, including the development of analytical models for the device parameters, base and collector currents, and the transit times.

Chapter 5 describes the basic characteristics of MOSFET devices, using n-channel MOSFET as an example for most of the discussions. It deals with the more elementary long-channel MOSFETs, with sections on the charge sheet model, regional I–V models, and subthreshold current characteristics. A recently developed non-GCA model gives insights to the saturation region behavior while clarifying the misleading term of “pinch-off” in most standard textbooks. In the section on channel mobility, the strain effects, both biaxial and uniaxial, on electron and hole mobilities are discussed. The last section addresses the body effect, temperature effect, and quantum effect on the long-channel threshold voltage.

This chapter presents a review of the laws that govern the aerodynamics and thermodynamics of gases in jet engines. Mastery of these laws is crucial for understanding why and how propulsion systems work. This chapter is divided into two parts: conservation laws and thermodynamics laws. This split is somewhat arbitrary since conservation laws and thermodynamics laws overlap. For example, the energy conservation law is also known as the first law of thermodynamics.

This chapter delves into the reasons for attending to the cognitive constraints of the political decision maker, whether average citizen or member of the ruling elite. The main focus of our discussion is the concept of bounded rationality and other cognitive strategies that humans have evolved in order to make good enough political decisions, if not optimal ones. The discussion includes a review of many instances where cognitive short cuts, or heuristics, influence decisions by reducing the burden associated with making choices in highly complex information environments. The downside, of course, is that these shortcuts can also lead citizens and leaders astray, fomenting biases, even as they help simplify a decision. Understanding how cognitive limitations affect the ability of citizens and elites to make good decisions is the key to solving a large number of puzzles in our politics. The chapter also addresses how, if at all, one could overcome these biases.

This chapter discusses prospect theory at length, as a prime example of the ways fairly trivial changes in the presentation of a set of facts can dramatically alter public opinion. The chapter begins with an ancient idea, at least as old as Aristotle’s philosophy, that in a public debate over an issue, features quite peripheral to the facts of a case could be invoked, challenged, or described in order to maximize an argument’s persuasive power. The central idea behind the art of political rhetoric is what we call framing. The conviction that framing is a powerful persuasive tool for political elites in both democratic and non-democratic regimes is widely held and, in many ways, contradicts rational choice models of decision-making. Because frames do not change the underlying dimensions of a choice – the facts of the case – they should not affect our decisions, at least not according to a rational choice framework. Still, they often do.