Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

Most near-surface geologic formations which contain water are unconsolidated porous rocks, broadly referred to as soils close to the surface, and as aquifers at greater depths. The relationship between the degree of water saturation of such a porous material and pressure of the water is referred to as the soil-water characteristic. The specific flow rate of water can usually be assumed to be proportional to the hydraulic gradient, according to Darcy’s law. The proportionality constant, called the hydraulic conductivity, generally exhibits anisotropy and scale dependency, and is a strong function of the degree of water saturation. Although some insight can be gained from theoretical estimation models, it is best determined by experiment. For certain problems it can be convenient to transform Darcy’s law into a diffusion equation, by making the flow rate proportional to the water content gradient. For rigid porous media, combination of the continuity equation with Darcy’s law yields the Richardson-Richards equation; under steady saturated conditions this becomes the Laplace equation. For elastic saturated porous media this combination leads to the Terzaghi and Jacob equations.

This chapter discusses the right to freedom of movement, the freedom to choose residence and the freedom to leave the country as they are protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made.

This chapter discusses the prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment as laid down in the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made.

This chapter discusses the right to liberty and the principle of habeas corpus as protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. Attention is paid to both the grounds for legitimate detention and to procedural guarantees. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

Given the easy embodiment of water vapor in air and its short residence times, the lower atmosphere is one of the critical pathways in the global hydrologic cycle; it transports water and energy around the globe without regard to continental boundaries and thus links the continents, the upper atmosphere, and the oceans. The transport and distribution of water vapor in the lower atmosphere, where it is most abundantly present, are among the main factors controlling precipitation and evaporation from the surface; these processes, in turn, determine soil and groundwater storage, and the different runoff phenomena. For purposes of practical analysis, the lower atmosphere can be treated as a turbulent boundary layer, allowing the application of similarity techniques to describe transport not only of water vapor, but also of momentum and sensible heat. The magnitudes of these transport phenomena and their interactions in the lower atmosphere are constrained by the surface energy budget as a critical boundary condition.

This chapter discusses the right to freedom to expression and to freedom of information as it is protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. Attention is also paid to topics such as hate speech, defamation, press freedom and access to government information. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made

This chapter discusses the right to equality and non-discrimination as it is protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. Attention is paid to various non-discrimination concepts, such as indirect and direct discrimination, and to grounds of discrimination. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made.

Early prehistoric accounts of water cycling in nature refer only to, or hint at, the atmospheric phase of the water cycle. Wherever evaporation is alluded to, it is mostly assumed to take place from rivers and the sea. Speculations on the origin of these streams or on whether or how their water returns to where the streams originated, came later in Greek antiquity. This era produced essentially four competing theories on this, namely the seawater filtration theory, the underground condensation theory, the concept of pre-existing underground primal water, likely based on mythology and less accepted by the philosophers, and the rainfall percolation theory. Although the latter contains the essence of our present understanding, it took nearly another 23 centuries before it became the only remaining one to be fully accepted. In recorded history it can be followed as a thread running through the works of the pre-Socratics, the post-Aristotelian Peripatetics, Vitruvius in ancient Rome, Buridan and other medieval Schoolmen, Bartas, Palissy, and Gassendi in the Renaissance, Mariotte, Ray, and Van Musschenbroek at the dawn of modern science, and finally Dalton in the early nineteenth century.

For some purposes, the physical processes relating current runoff to precipitation can best be assumed to take place at the scale of the catchment, without consideration of the detailed subscale processes or for the intricate flow paths inside the watershed. The most common implementation of this idea has been the unit hydrograph (UH), which is based on the assumptions of linearity and stationarity. A UH is characterized by the duration of its precipitation input; this allows the definition of the instantaneous UH, that is the response of a catchment to a delta function precipitation input, or its Green’s function. The UH of a catchment can be identified from available data using the method of least squares. To facilitate the concise parameterization of UH functions for identification and prediction purposes, various conceptualizations have been proposed consisting of different combinations of linear translation elements and linear storage elements. Attempts have been made to extend the UH concept by allowing for nonstationarity and nonlinearities in the response. Long-term streamflow response to mean annual precipitation has also been the subject of many studies.

Master the principles of structural dynamics with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook, with key theoretical concepts explained through real-world engineering applications.

• The theory of natural modes of vibration, the finite element method, and the dynamic response of structures is balanced with practical applications to give students a thorough contextual understanding of the subject.

• Enhanced coverage of damping, rotating systems, and parametric excitation provides students with superior understanding of these essential topics.

• Examples and homework problems, closely linked to real-world applications, enrich and deepen student understanding.

• Curated mathematical appendices equip students with all the tools necessary to excel, without disrupting coverage of core topics.

• Containing all the material needed for a one- or two-semester course, and accompanied online by MATLAB/Python code, this authoritative textbook is the ideal introduction for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, and civil engineering.

This chapter discusses the right to social security and social benefits as protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made.