When plotted as partial zonal averages in Fig. 16.1, the seasonality of the zonal mean circulation in the eastern and western hemispheres of the tropics is quite different. In the eastern hemisphere (from the Greenwich Meridian eastward to the Date Line), the zonal mean circulation is dominated by the seasonally reversing Australasian monsoon, which is strong and nearly synchronous with the annual cycle in the meridional profile of insolation. In contrast, in the western hemisphere, the seasonality is not as pronounced and the annual cycle is lagged by about two months relative to the solstices.

A coherent introduction to generative syntax by a leader in the field, this textbook leads students through the theory from the very beginning, assuming no prior knowledge. Introducing the central concepts in a systematic and engaging way, it covers the goals of generative grammar, tacit native-speaker knowledge, categories and constituents, phrase structure, movement, binding, syntax beyond English and the architecture of grammar. The theory is built slowly, showing in a step-by-step fashion how different versions of generative theory relate to one another. Examples are carefully chosen to be easily understood, and a comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions of all the key terms introduced. With end of chapter exercises, broader discussion questions, and annotated further reading lists. Beginning Syntax is the ideal resource for instructors and beginning undergraduate students of syntax alike. Two further textbooks by Ian Roberts, Continuing Syntax and Comparing Syntax, will take students to intermediate and advanced level.

The tropical atmosphere encompasses the latitude belt equatorward of the subtropical anticyclones at the Earth’s surface and the tropospheric jet streams at the tropopause level. As shown in Section 2.6.1, the meridional extent of the tropics decreases with increasing rotation rate.

This chapter outlines what types of decision the EU takes and how these decisions are adopted. This includes explanations of the Ordinary Legislative Procedure, special legislative procedures and the Open Method of Coordination, as well as the role of informal trilogues, the way qualified majority voting in the Council works and the subsidiarity check by national parliaments. In addition, the chapter discusses the role of differentiated integration in EU decision-making. Throughout the text, the chapter highlights the rationales behind different forms of EU decision-making. It argues that the EU’s decision-making procedures seek to find a balance between competing objectives: fostering EU-wide approaches to issues, protecting the sovereignty of its member states and installing an element of democracy in the way decisions are made. If one understands the logic behind this balancing act, the complex and diverse world of legal instruments and decision-making procedures in the EU becomes much easier to navigate.

The balance requirement approach covered in Part II provides a reasonable explanation of how the atmosphere satisfies the various budget constraints imposed by the conservation of mass, momentum, total energy, and mechanical energy, but it does not go very far in addressing such questions as:

• Why is there a single pair of tropospheric jet streams located around 30∘N/S?

• Why do the eddies transport angular momentum poleward, across 30∘N/S, maintaining the trade‐wind and westerly wind belts?

• Why do the diagnoses based on the angular momentum balance in Chapter 3 and the energy balance in Chapter 5 yield the same configuration of mean meridional circulations?

This chapter gives an overview of EU policy-making, outlining what types of policy the EU makes, in which areas it is important and in which areas it plays a smaller role, and how the EU’s policy-making role has evolved over the past decades. In doing so, it sketches the broader picture within which the subsequent chapters on agenda-setting, decision-making and implementation of EU policies can be placed. The text seeks to give students a firm grasp of the broader patterns of EU policy-making, while providing examples of specific policies in order to make more tangible what EU policies look like. After outlining the varying involvement of the EU in different policy areas, the chapter provides an overview of both the expenditure and the revenue side of EU budgetary policies. This is followed by a discussion of EU regulatory policies, both in relation to the internal market and beyond. After this general introduction, the chapter zooms in on the development of two policy areas in which EU policy-making has shown important developments over the past decades: Economic and Monetary Union and foreign policy.