In this chapter, we examine the incorporation of spin-1/2 fermions into quantum field theory. Underlying the relativistic theory of quantized fields is special relativity and the invariance of the Lagrangian under the Poincaré group, which comprise Lorentz transformations and spacetime translations (e.g., see [–]).

This chapter complements Chapter 15 of Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition. If an applicant is entitled to judicial review and successfully argues one or more grounds, what is the outcome? When judicial review is successful, the government action or decision that has been challenged will have been found to be unlawful. The sources in this chapter consider the consequences that flow from that finding, and the remedies that may be available.

This chapter complements Chapter 6 in Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition. Information disclosure is fundamental to all areas of administrative law. Whether a request for information comes from a superior court, a parliamentary committee, a royal commissioner, an ombudsman, a journalist, or an individual questioning a government decision, access to information is essential when holding governments to account. The sources in this chapter consider secrecy, unofficial disclosures by leaks and whistleblowers, statutory obligations of the executive to publish information, and the rights of individuals to apply for access to government-held information and reasons for decisions.

This chapter complements Chapter 4 of Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition. The chapter contains several case extracts on the issue of judicial review of delegated legislation. However, judicial review cases provide only a small part of the picture of the practical and substantive issues surrounding delegated legislation. The other material in this chapter fills in the picture. An extract from the Australian Law Reform Commission’s report, Traditional Rights and Freedoms, highlights the problems with over¬reliance on delegated, rather than primary, legislation. A case study of delegated legislation being disallowed has been included to show how the process of parliamentary scrutiny works.

This chapter complements Chapter 11 of Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition. It introduces grounds of review under statutory schemes of judicial review.

Describes the rationale for, and approach to, regulation of the rail industry. Considers the effects of restructuring, horizontal and vertical separation policies, and the experience of Ramsey pricing

This chapter complements Chapter 13 of Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition. The cases extracted in this chapter illustrate the operation of limits on power that can be discerned from the statute conferring the power: misconceiving the nature or scope of the power, jurisdictional facts (both objective and subjective), procedural error, improper delegation, and mandatory and prohibited considerations. The cases in this chapter are worth studying both for their exposition of legal principles, and for the application of those principles to the facts. O’Reilly v Commissioners of the State Bank of Victoria, for example, is not only the leading Australian case on improper delegation, but also an excellent example of the reasoning process used to determine whether delegation is permissible in a particular situation. With one exception, the cases in this chapter are decisions of the High Court of Australia. The exception is Liversidge v Anderson – which is included because Lord Atkin’s dissenting judgment is one of the most celebrated administrative law judgments.