This chapter focuses on the knowledge pre-service and in-service teachers need to develop and evaluate oral communication (oracy) within a student’s first language, and it also explores its application in English as an additional language or dialect (EAL/D) contexts. A range of practical teaching strategies, interactive activities and integrated approaches are suggested to promote speaking, interacting and listening capabilities in students. Multimodal integrated strategies are presented that focus on oral communication, but also help develop students’ reading, writing and viewing skills, fostering well-rounded learners capable of critical thinking, effective communication and cultural awareness.

Analysis capabilities are developed that include the impact of compressibility on the derivation of equations that govern subsonic compressible and transonic flows, including the relations to transform incompressible experimental data or geometry to subsonic compressible Mach numbers. Transonic flow is defined, including explanations for the flow characteristics that distinguish this flow regime from other flow regimes. Estimation techniques are developed for the critical and drag-divergence Mach numbers. The impact of transonic flow on aircraft design is discussed, including the impact of wing sweep on airplane aerodynamics and the role of supercritical airfoils. Finally, the transonic area rule is discussed, including the impact on transonic and supersonic aircraft.

In this chapter, we introduce one of the most important computational tools in linear algebra – the determinants. First, we discuss some motivational examples. Next we present the definition and basic properties of determinants. Then we study some applications of determinants, including the determinant characterization of an invertible matrix or mapping, Cramer’s rule for solving a system of nonhomogeneous equations, and a proof of the Cayley–Hamilton theorem.

Understand the physical concepts that apply to supersonic wing aerodynamics, such as knowing the difference between a subsonic and supersonic leading edge and how that impacts the airfoils used for the wing. Information is also presented that expands on why subsonic and supersonic drag-due-to-lift components are caused by different physical phenomenon. Supersonic 2D and 3D flow theories can then be used to analyze the forces and moments acting on a supersonic wing, including conical flow theory for calculating wing-tip effects. The reader should then be able to explain how supersonic airplanes make a compromise between subsonic and supersonic aerodynamic performance, and how that impacts airfoil and wing design parameters. Fuselage shapes then use slender body theory for analysis, and details about how boattails are used for reducing base drag.

Aerodynamic design decisions are rarely made without considering multidisciplinary design factors, which leads to compromises between aerodynamics and other disciplines. Readers will learn how to increase lift on an airplane, and how to modify an airplane in order to achieve aerodynamic improvements. Drag reduction will then be discussed, including ways to reduce drag and the impact of drag reduction on aircraft design. The chapter ends with a study of aircraft from the past and how aerodynamic considerations were included in their design.

From the moment of birth, infants are immersed in a world of communication. Attentive adults look into their eyes, smile and coo at them, and use touch, eye contact and simple sentences to connect. In return, newborns respond to the human voices that they have been hearing in utero by looking towards the adult’s face and moving their bodies and faces. They also respond neurologically, with parts of their brains associated with auditory language processing activated by human speech more so than by other human sounds such as humming or non-distinct speech. Within the first six months, they not only use cries, coos and facial expressions to communicate feelings and needs, but also engage in rudimental back and forth exchanges with attending caregivers. The desire to connect with others through language and communication is indeed a very strong and uniquely human trait.

Describe different types of memory and how they develop; explain how early experiences are remembered and why they are forgotten; understand why a limited memory can be beneficial for learning.

The subject of insurgency explores how and why armed groups confront the state, their political and ideological claims, their links to society – including the support they have and their recruitment practices – and their political and military tactics. Rebel governance explores the behavior of non-state armed insurgencies in the territories they control – or partially control – and their attempts to provide public services, gain the support of the population, recruit members, manage economic policy, and gain legitimacy. Counterinsurgency involves efforts by state actors – sometimes with international assistance – to challenge and defeat rebel groups by military and political means and reassert the authority of the state in areas where rebel groups have influence. This chapter explores the relationship between insurgency and civil war, and the main theories of why insurgencies emerge and grow, their endurance, and their impact. As a part of this, it considers the provision of “governance” by some rebel groups in the territories in which they have some control, the services they attempt to provide, and the objectives that motivate this on the part of rebel leaders. Based on this, the chapter then explores the lessons of “rebel governance” for counterinsurgency campaigns and for peacebuilding after conflict.

Describe what theory of mind is and how it develops; understand the importance of theory of mind for children’s later development; consider the implications of theory of mind for collaboration and human uniqueness.

Chapter 4 helps the reader develop a basic understanding of boundary layers and their impact on aerodynamic flows, and be able to obtain solutions for basic laminar flows and use the results to estimate properties, such as boundary layer thickness, shear stress, and skin friction. Descriptions are included for the characteristics of turbulent boundary layers, and how they compare to laminar boundary layers. Readers will be presented with information on how drag is impacted by laminar and turbulent boundary layers, including friction and separation. Analysis approaches will be presented to estimate turbulent boundary layer properties, such as boundary layer thickness, shear stress, and skin friction, including how to complete a control volume analysis of a boundary layer flow. Information is also presented for how to calculate the heat transfer and heat-transfer rate for a constant-property flow.