Describe how children develop fairness, spite, and helping behaviours; understand the role of emotions, punishment, and reputation in moral development; explore cross-cultural differences and similarities in morality.

In this chapter, we establish the celebrated Jordan decomposition theorem which allows us to reduce a linear mapping over the complex numbers into a canonical form in terms of its eigenspectrum. As a preparation we first recall some facts regarding factorization of polynomials. Then we show how to reduce a linear mapping over a set of its invariant subspaces determined by a prime factorization of the characteristic polynomial of the mapping. Next we reduce a linear mapping over its generalized eigenspaces. Finally, we prove the Jordan decomposition theorem by understanding how a mapping behaves itself over each of its generalized eigenspaces.

Most simply, the words ‘pedagogy and care’ capture and describe the core work that is done in the earliest years of education with very young children. Early childhood education (ECE) shares the same general aims as primary, secondary and tertiary education, with an overarching focus on learning and development. Educators working with infants and toddlers practice in a space where pedagogy and care are inextricably linked. It could thus be argued that ideas about pedagogy in relation to infants and toddlers are hardest to reconcile. This challenge may be due to the particular history of infants and toddlers as the youngest children in society, driven by discourses of maternalism and inherently tied to an image of their place in the home, where they were for many centuries. However, infants and toddlers are attending ECE settings in ever-increasing numbers and upholding their right to quality pedagogy is a professional responsibility of all ECE services, leaders and educators.

Chapter 11 evaluates the challenges of SDG 14: Life Below Water, which aims to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. The ocean ecosystem can be treated as a stock of natural capital providing many goods and services, including fish, minerals, oil, recreational activities, transportation, and climate regulation. Marine capital is under stress and facing scarcity due to the overharvesting of fish, pollution, higher water temperatures from climate change, and the loss of coastal and ocean habitats. Fish are a renewable natural resource, and the properties of their natural growth function and the impact of harvest levels on fish stocks are explained. An economic model is established to determine efficient fishery management, contrasting with open-access conditions that can lead to fishery collapse. Sustainable ocean management policies include removing subsidies, regulating fisheries, using taxation and transferable quotas, and creating marine protected areas. Businesses and governments can help bridge the funding gap for the conservation and sustainable management of ocean resources.

The basic geometric parameters that define airfoil and wing shapes are presented prior to the basic aerodynamic forces and moments, as well as the nondimensional coefficients, that are used for airfoils and wings. A general description of the impact of airfoil geometry on the resulting aerodynamics, including the effects of camber and thickness, is presented. This includes how flow around a wing is different from flow around an airfoil, as well as methods to estimate the impact of wing geometry on lift and drag. Finally, the chapter concludes with the contributing factors to airplane drag and the methods to estimate zero-lift drag. coefficient of an airplane

Describe the challenges children face in learning language; understand key features of child language development; explain the strategies children use to learn sounds, words, and grammar.

Describe the social, cognitive, and biological influences on adolescent decision-making; understand the risk and reward systems of the brain and how these can be influenced by different contexts; evaluate the roles of peer groups, executive functions, and sex differences in adolescent behaviour.

From the moment they are born, infants are active and competent learners. Before birth, they perceive and respond to stimuli from the outside world and the people in it. Newborns recognise and respond socially to other people and pay attention to interesting objects and events. Infants are born ‘ready to learn, and during their first three years, they learn, develop and grow at a faster rate than at any other time in their lives. Rapid physical development enables mobility, exploration and physical manipulation; emerging social and emotional skills foster relationships, wellbeing, and belonging; increasing communication and language competence support social interactions, literacy development and learning; and cognitive advancements cultivate critical ways of thinking and understanding. The skills and understandings that infants and toddlers achieve during their first three years form the cornerstone from which all future learning, development and wellbeing is built.