This chapter provides a socio-historical account of the pathologisation and de-pathologisation of diversity in sex, gender, and sexuality within and beyond psychology. Focusing on people born with intersex variations, a diversity of genders, and a diversity of sexual orientations (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer), this chapter first maps the socio-medicalisation of sex, gender, and sexuality to explore the pathologisation of LGBTIQ people across time. Next, the chapter maps the socio-historical de-pathologisation of sex, gender, and sexual diversity and the development of LGBTIQ psychology as an affirmative field. Different approaches to the treatment of LGBTIQ people in healthcare and the development of professional psychological networks that focus on LGBTIQ psychology are presented.

With a specific focus on violence and abuse, this chapter explores some the challenges that LGBTIQ people often experience, but also the strengths that LGBTIQ people display. The chapter reviews research on intimate partner violence experienced by LGBTIQ people (including identity-related abuse) and the violence perpetrated against animals in these contexts. Situating challenges alongside strengths is an important counter to the often negative messages and stereotypes that circulate about LGBTIQ people, as it encourages a focus on identifying sites of resistance and opportunities for change. The chapter therefore also explores the resiliencies that LGBTIQ people display in the face of adversity, including through relationships with animal companions.

The spectral description of turbulence allows us to decompose velocity and pressure fields in terms of wavenumbers and frequencies, or length and time scales. We discuss the notion of scale decomposition and introduce several properties of the Fourier transform between physical (spatial/temporal) space and scale (spectral) space in various dimensions, including complex conjugate relations for real functions and Parseval’s theorem. The Fourier transform allows us to develop useful relations between correlations and energy spectra, which are used extensively in the statistical theory of turbulence. The one-dimensional and three-dimensional energy spectra are specifically discussed in conjunction with Taylor’s hypothesis to enable spectra computation from single-point time-resolved measurements. The discrete version of the transform, or the discrete Fourier series, is then introduced, as it is typically encountered in numerical simulations and postprocessing of discrete experimental data. Treatment of periodic data is first considered, followed by nonperiodic data with the help of windowing. The procedure for the computation of various discrete spectra is outlined.

This chapter explores prejudice and discrimination and their effects on LGBTIQ people and communities. First, this chapter reviews research on attitudes towards LGBTIQ people, with reference to studies of homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia. With specific reference to hate crimes, it next discusses homophobic, biphobic, and transphobic victimisation. Systematic prejudice (structural prejudice embedded in social and legal institutions) is then discussed in relation to key constructs such as heterosexism, heteronormativity, and cisgenderism. The final section of the chapter focuses on minority stress and the ways in which this and other processes (e.g., internalised homophobia, decompensation) contribute to psychological distress among LGBTIQ people, including those who a multiply marginalised. The impacts of these factors on mental health in LGBTIQ populations are also discussed.

This chapter examines ageing and chronic illness among LGBTIQ people. First, this chapter discusses the relative visibility/invisibility of LGBTIQ ageing, alongside introducing and critiquing the prevalent neoliberal concept of successful ageing. Following this, the chapter engages with cohort effects (e.g., generational differences) in LGBTIQ populations and their impacts on ageing experiences. The chapter also reviews research on chronic illness in LGBTIQ populations, with specific reference to dementia. LGBTIQ people’s experiences of dying and bereavement are also discussed, with specific reference to AIDS-related bereavement (in the 1980s) and ‘bereavement overload’ and partner loss, including the possibility of ‘disenfranchised grief’.

An overview of the three modern categories of methods for numerical prediction of turbulent flows is provided: direct numerical simulation (DNS), solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, and large-eddy simulation (LES). We describe zero-equation, one-equation, two-equation, and Reynolds stress transport models for the RANS equations. RANS computations require significantly fewer grid points and lower computational cost since the solutions are smooth and turbulent structures are not captured, but there is a need to tune model parameters for different flows to match experimental data. In LES, only the large-scale motions are resolved, whereas unresolved small scales are modeled. We introduce the notion of filtering, subgrid-scale parameterization, as well as the seminal dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model. Wall-resolved and wall-modeled LES are briefly discussed. With ever increasing computer power, as well as advances in numerical methods and subgrid-scale models, LES is rapidly becoming a viable tool for practical computations. In selecting a method, one should consider quantities to be predicted, accuracy of the predictions, and the computational cost.

This chapter focuses on the social recognition of LGBTIQ relationships and families and diversity within different relationship and family forms. A particular focus here is on the legal recognition of same-gender relationships and the impact that legal recognition can have on wider relationships and families. With reference to a range of contexts, this chapter first reviews research on marriage equality. Next, it focuses on families of choice and diverse communities, including polyamorous relationships and the complexities of relationships for bisexual and pansexual people. Other forms of consensual non-monogamy are also discussed.

Turbulent flow is an important branch of fluid mechanics with wide-ranging occurrences and applications, from the formation of tropical cyclones to the stirring of a cup of coffee. Turbulence results in increased skin friction and heat transfer across surfaces, as well as enhanced mixing. As such, it is of practical significance, and there is a need to establish predictive methods to quantify turbulent flows. Equally important is a physical understanding of turbulent flows to guide strategies to model and control turbulence-driven phenomena. We focus on the study of turbulent flows and draw on theoretical developments, experimental measurements, and results from numerical simulations. Turbulent flows are governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. The solution of these equations for turbulent flows displays chaotic and multiscale behavior. When averaged, the nonlinear terms in the Navier-Stokes equations lead to the so-called closure problem, where additional unknowns are introduced in the mean flow equations. These unknowns are typically modeled using intuition, experience, and dimensional arguments. We present the scaling and dimensional analysis necessary for model development.

This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical and methodological perspectives underpinning LGBTIQ psychology and considerations for undertaking research with LGBTIQ populations. An overview of five main theoretical approaches (essentialism, social constructionism, critical realism, feminism, and queer theory) is provided, and each is discussed in relation to its implications for understanding LGBTIQ people’s lives and experiences. The construct ‘heteronormativity’ is also introduced. The chapter also introduces a range of overarching methodological approaches used in LGBTIQ psychological research (e.g., experiments, surveys, qualitative studies) and explores the extent to which each had been used for researching LGBTIQ topics. The final section of this chapter focuses on considerations in undertaking research with LGBTIQ populations. Challenges in defining populations of interest, access to and recruitment of participants, and principles for ethical practice with LGBTIQ populations are discussed here.

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research around sexual health among LGBTIQ populations. The first section of this chapter focuses on sexual intimacy and on specific environments (e.g., gay saunas, dating apps) as means for facilitating sexual encounters, as well as the experiences of sex for trans people who have undergone gender-affirming surgery and those of people born with intersex variations. The rest of the chapter focuses on sexual health in gay and bisexual men (and other mean-who-have-sex-with-men), including the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the prevention of HIV, sexual health in lesbian and bisexual women (and other women-who-have-sex-with-women), including engagement in cervical screening, and sexual health in trans people, including the impacts of body dysmorphia and cisgenderism on engagement with healthcare professionals.