Chapter 13 is a more detailed examination of current offshore turbine foundations including fixed-base and floating platforms. The former category includes gravity caissons, monopiles, and jackets, with the comparative advantages of each type assessed in regard to water depth and wind turbine size. Weight comparisons are made for of installed arrays. The monopile is described in detail, including review of transition piece integrity, and analysis of seabed reaction. The Winkler p-y analysis method is described, with extreme load results given for a monopile at Horns Rev 1. A review of jacket foundations includes description of pin pile and suction bucket anchors. The section concludes with details of less common fixed foundation types. The section on floating foundations begins with a general stability analysis for free-floating platforms, with formulae derived for static pitch/roll stiffness and frequency. Spar buoy, semisubmersible, and TLP platforms are described, and experimental measurements for the Hywind spar buoy are presented. The chapter concludes with description and analysis of catenary mooring systems, with equations given for horizontal mooring tension and stiffness.

This chapter considers the multivariate case, extending the univariate concepts to the vector time series case. We consider vector autoregressions from different points of view.

This chapter is an overview of wind power meterorology at a relatively simple level without too much mathematical complexity. The origins of the wind are explained in the action of solar thermal radiation on the atmosphere, and the equation is given for the geostrophic wind at the top of the earth’s boundary layer. The role of the boundary layer in creating wind shear and turbulence near the earth’s surface is explained, and appropriate engineering equations given to allow wind speed and turbulence to be estimated. Surface roughness and its relationship to turbulence and shear are explained. Experimental measurements are used to illustrate shear and turbulence for a range of different terrain types. The time and space dependency of wind speeds is also illustrated with site measurements, showing the long-term dependability of annual wind speeds, through the more variable monthly averages, to short-term turbulent variation. Gust factor is explained and illustrated as a function of turbulence intensity. The chapter includes high-resolution wind measurements taken during a storm in the Scottish Outer Hebrides, illustrating the extreme levels of turbulence arising in complex terrain.

This chapter introduces the class of autoregressive moving average models and discusses their properties in special cases and in general. We provide alternative methods for the estimation of unknown parameters and describe the properties of the estimators. We discuss key issues like hypothesis testing and model selection.

Chapter 8 focuses on rotor blade technology, covering design, materials, manufacture, and testing. The role of fibre-reinforced composites is discussed, examining their superior mechanical and manufacturing properties. Their property of anisotropy enables composites to be tailored to match the direction of principle stresses in the most material-efficient way. Blade structural design is illustrated using bending theory for a cantilever beam, with stress and strain equations developed for a composite structure. The importance of section thickness and cross sectional geometry are illustrated using the SERI/NREL blade profiles. An overview of blade attachment methods considers adhesive bonded root studs, T-bolts, and embedded studs that are integrated during the blade moulding process. Most large blades are nowadays manufactured by vacuum resin infusion moulding (VRIM) and the chapter includes a description of this technique. There is a section on wood-laminate blades, which are still used in some applications, and comments on blade balancing and testing. The chapter concludes with a review of blade weight and technology trends based on some historic commmercial blade designs.

This chapter is concerned with different approaches to accounting for trend and seasonal components. We consider both deterministic and stochastic approaches and show the overlap and contrast between these approaches. Estimation and inference are treated.

Chapter 10 explores democracy versus autocracy. It offers a frequency-based fitness analysis of the political regimes in the world, demonstrating the superior fitness of democracy, represented by the United States in time and place, but also revealing the resilience of non-democratic forms of government, represented by China. Countering the larger historical trend, democracy has retreated and autocracy has gained in recent years. It is difficult to tell whether this is a temporary setback for democracy or the start of a longer trend. Evolution does not assume constant progress, so the chapter dives deeper into the performance criterion for competing political regimes by peeling off the labels and examining different components of a political regime. In addition, the chapter offers a discussion of how East Asians have lived with the liberal international order, which most current American and Western leaders view as central to their fight against autocracy.

This chapter introduces the frequency-domain view and how this way of thinking can help with understanding periodic behavior and cycles. We define the spectral density function and how commonly used filters affect the spectral shape. We discuss estimation by the periodogram and smoothing methods.

In this chapter we consider the continuous-time setting. We consider some classical models and their estimation, and the more recent literature on high-frequency econometrics.

In this chapter we consider the question of forecasting. We consider model-based and ad hoc approaches to this question. We discuss the issue of forecast evaluation and comparison.

This chapter introduces the state space model and shows how this can be adapted to represent a wide variety of models of use in economics and finance. We define the Kalman filter and show how it can be implemented in leading examples.

Chapter 7 introduces students to the monetary and financial dimensions of East Asian international relations, which are fragmented regionally while tied closely with the Western-dominated monetary order. Monetary power is arguably as important as military power, but it is not well understood and not commonly included in an IR textbook. As a social construction, monetary and financial power are related to but not equivalent to productive power. East Asia does not stand in isolation, because its contemporary monetary and financial practices and theories are integrated into the global system. Thus, this chapter examines U.S. dollar hegemony. Following a broader discussion of the exchange-rate regimes adopted by East Asian nations, the chapter discusses the 1997–1998 Asian Financial Crisis, a monumental event in post-war East Asian international relations triggered by a currency crisis. The chapter ends with a discussion of the 2008 Great Recession.

The introductory chapter is a brief recap on the history and origins of wind power, from windmills in ancient times to today’s multi-megawatt turbines. Energy security has arguably been the historic driver for wind power, and it was a primary source of mechanical power until the advent of the Industrial revolution when it was superceded by coal and oil. The first electricity generating wind turbines were built in the late nineteenth centry, and the technology was pursued most vigorously in Denmark, a country with limited energy reserves: the role of this country in creating the modern wind turbine is described. The worldwide energy crisis of the 1970s brought wind power into the frame internationally, and the pivotal role of legislation under President Carter in expanding the market for wind energy in the US and elsewhere is outlined. Since then the rationale for wind power has expanded to include climate change and the technology has grown exponentially in terms of global installation of wind power and the physical size of wind turbines. The chapter concludes by introducing some of the technological steps that have enabled this process, and which are detailed in subsequent chapters.

This chapter introduces more formal concepts like stationarity and mixing, and explains why they are needed. We also define the autocorrelation function and describe its properties and how it is estimated from sample data. We discuss the properties of the estimator of the mean and autocorrelation, and how they can be used to conduct statistical inference.