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2068 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 99 of 104

The Biology of Art

The Biology of Art
  • Richard A. Richards
  • Published online:
    07 June 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2019
  • Biological accounts of art typically start with evolutionary, psychological or neurobiological theories. These approaches might be able to explain many of the similarities we see in art behaviors within and across human populations, but they don't obviously explain the differences we also see. Nor do they give us guidance on how we should engage with art, or the conceptual basis for art. A more comprehensive framework, based also on the ecology of art and how art behaviors get expressed in engineered niches, can help us better understand the full range of art behaviors, their normativity and conceptual basis.
A Concise History of Mathematics for Philosophers

A Concise History of Mathematics for Philosophers
  • John Stillwell
  • Published online:
    06 June 2019
    Print publication:
    06 June 2019
  • This Element aims to present an outline of mathematics and its history, with particular emphasis on events that shook up its philosophy. It ranges from the discovery of irrational numbers in ancient Greece to the nineteenth- and twentieth-century discoveries on the nature of infinity and proof. Recurring themes are intuition and logic, meaning and existence, and the discrete and the continuous. These themes have evolved under the influence of new mathematical discoveries and the story of their evolution is, to a large extent, the story of philosophy of mathematics.
The Anglo-Norman Historical Canon

The Anglo-Norman Historical Canon
  • Publishing and Manuscript Culture
  • Jaakko Tahkokallio
  • Published online:
    06 June 2019
    Print publication:
    06 June 2019
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  • This Element is a contribution to the ongoing debate on what it meant to publish a book in manuscript. It offers case-studies of three twelfth-century Anglo-Norman historians: William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, and Geoffrey of Monmouth. It argues that the contemporary success and rapid attainment of canonical authority for their histories was in significant measure the result of successfully conducted publishing activities. These activities are analysed using the concept of a 'publishing circle'. This concept, it is suggested, may have wider utility in the study of authorial publishing in a manuscript culture. This Element is also available as Open Access.
Motivating Public Employees

Motivating Public Employees
  • Marc Esteve, Christian Schuster
  • Published online:
    03 June 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • What motivates public employees to work hard? This Element systematically reviews answers from public administration research. The authors locate this research in a novel two-dimensional typology, which shows that public employees can be motivated for other- and self-interested reasons and extrinsic (motivated by outcomes) and intrinsic (motivated by work itself) reasons. Public administration research sheds significant light on extrinsic motivators: working hard to help society (public service motivation), one's organization (organizational commitment) and oneself (financial incentives). Future research should focus on hitherto understudied motivators: symbolic rewards and intrinsic motivators, such as enjoyable work tasks, warm glow, and relatedness with colleagues. Supplementary material for this Element is available online.
Organizational Obliviousness

Organizational Obliviousness
  • Entrenched Resistance to Gender Integration in the Military
  • Alesha Doan, Shannon Portillo
  • Published online:
    03 June 2019
    Print publication:
    13 June 2019
  • Exploring efforts to integrate women into combat forces in the military, we investigate how resistance to equity becomes entrenched, ultimately excluding women from being full participants in the workplace. Based on focus groups and surveys with members of Special Operations, we found most of the resistance is rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that are often bolstered through organizational policies and practices. The subtlety of these practices often renders them invisible. We refer to this invisibility as organizational obliviousness. Obliviousness exists at the individual level, it becomes reinforced at the cultural level, and, in turn, cultural practices are entrenched institutionally by policies. Organizational obliviousness may not be malicious or done to actively exclude or harm, but the end result is that it does both. Throughout this Element we trace the ways that organizational obliviousness shapes individuals, culture, and institutional practices throughout the organization.
Capital Letters

Capital Letters
  • The Economics of Academic Bookselling
  • J. M. Hawker
  • Published online:
    01 June 2019
    Print publication:
    06 June 2019
  • Academic bookselling inhabits a landscape fundamentally impacted by legislative and political pressure, colonised by new textual forms and new publishing ventures, experiencing constant change. Capital Letters defines the academic bookshop, text, and market, examining change drivers in the UK, the USA and Asia. Drawing on current research, inclusive of commercial publishers and publishing interest groups, Capital Letters also includes quantitative and qualitative research data from academic booksellers. In evaluating the response of academic bookshops to the changing landscape, Capital Letters argues that academic booksellers can understand, shape, and lead a sustainable and equitable future for academic text within the marketplace.
Mormonism and Violence

Mormonism and Violence
  • The Battles of Zion
  • Patrick Q. Mason
  • Published online:
    01 June 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • In popular culture and scholarship, a consistent trope about Mormonism is that it features a propensity for violence, born of the religion's theocratic impulses and the antinomian tendencies of special revelation. Mormonism and Violence critically assesses the relationship of Mormonism and violence through a close examination of Mormon history and scripture, focusing on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Element pays special attention to violence in the Book of Mormon and the history of the movement, from the 1830s to the present.
Hypothesis Testing Reconsidered

Hypothesis Testing Reconsidered
  • Gregory Francis
  • Published online:
    29 May 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2019
  • Hypothesis testing is a common statistical analysis for empirical data generated by studies of perception, but its properties and limitations are widely misunderstood. This Element describes several properties of hypothesis testing, with special emphasis on analyses common to studies of perception. The author also describes the challenges and difficulties with using hypothesis testing to interpret empirical data. Many common applications of hypothesis testing inflate the intended Type I error rate. Other aspects of hypothesis tests have important implications for experimental design. Solutions are available for some of these difficulties, but many issues are difficult to deal with.
How Ideas and Institutions Shape the Politics of Public Policy

How Ideas and Institutions Shape the Politics of Public Policy
  • Daniel Béland
  • Published online:
    24 May 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • This Element provides a critical review of existing literature on the role of ideas and institutions in the politics of public policy with the aim of contributing to the study of the politics of public policy. Because most policy scholars deal with the role of ideas or institutions in their research, such a critical review should help them improve their knowledge of crucial analytical issues in policy and political analysis. The following discussion brings together insights from both the policy studies literature and new institutionalism in sociology and political science, and stresses the explanatory role of ideas and institutions.
The Evolution of Affect Theory

The Evolution of Affect Theory
  • The Humanities, the Sciences, and the Study of Power
  • Donovan O. Schaefer
  • Published online:
    22 May 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • Across the humanities, a set of interrelated concepts - excess, becoming, the event - have gained purchase as analytical tools for thinking about power. Some versions of affect theory rely on Gilles Deleuze's concept of 'becoming', proposing that affect is best understood as a field of dynamic novelty. Reconsidering affect theory's relationship with life sciences, Schaefer argues that this procedure fails as a register of the analytics of power. By way of a case study, this work concludes with a return to the work of Saba Mahmood, in particular her 2005 study of the women's mosque movement in Cairo, Politics of Piety.
The General Reader and the Academy

The General Reader and the Academy
  • Medieval French Literature and Penguin Classics
  • Leah Tether
  • Published online:
    11 May 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • Penguin Classics have built their reputation as one of the largest and most successful modern imprints for 'classic' texts on the notion of 'the general reader'. Following an interrogation of this idea, Leah Tether investigates the publication of medieval French literature on this list and shines a light on the drivers, motivations, negotiations and decision-making processes behind it. Focusing on the medieval French texts published between c.1956 and 2000, Tether demonstrates that, rather than Penguin's frequently cited 'general reader', a more academic market may have contributed to ensuring the success of these titles.
Religious Culture and Violence in Traditional China

Religious Culture and Violence in Traditional China
  • Barend ter Haar
  • Published online:
    11 May 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • The basis of Chinese religious culture, and with that many aspects of daily life, was the threat and fear of demonic attacks. These were inherently violent and could only be counteracted by violence as well - even if this reactive violence was masked by euphemisms such as execution, expulsion, exorcisms and so on. At the same time, violence was a crucial dimension of the maintenance of norms and values, for instance in sworn agreements or in beliefs about underworld punishment. Violence was also an essential aspect of expressing respect through sacrificial gifts of meat (and in an earlier stage of Chinese culture also human flesh) and through a culture of auto-mutilation and ritual suicide. At the same time, conventional indigenous terms for violence such as bao 暴 were not used for most of these practices since they were not experienced as such, but rather justified as positive uses of physical force.
Contemporary US Populism in Comparative Perspective

Contemporary US Populism in Comparative Perspective
  • Kirk Hawkins, Levente Littvay
  • Published online:
    07 May 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • With the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election, populists have come to power in the US for the first time in many years. However, US political scientists have been flat-footed in their response, failing to anticipate or measure populism's impact on the campaign or to offer useful policy responses. In contrast, populism has long been an important topic of study for political scientists studying other regions, especially Latin America and Europe. The conceptual and theoretical insights of comparativist scholars can benefit Americanists, and applying their techniques can help US scholars and policymakers place events in perspective.
The Psychology of Climate Change Adaptation

The Psychology of Climate Change Adaptation
  • Anne van Valkengoed, Linda Steg
  • Published online:
    04 May 2019
    Print publication:
    30 May 2019
  • Why do some people adapt to the risks of climate change, while others do not? This Element provides an in-depth overview of the psychology of climate change adaptation. It begins with an overview of adaptation behaviour and highlights the importance of successful adaptation by individuals and households. Key psychological theories are introduced that can explain adaptation behaviour and the role of a wide variety of motivational variables in adaptation behaviour is discussed, such as risk perception, experiences with climate-related hazards, and perceived responsibility. Next, the authors examine three examples of how this psychological knowledge has been used to develop and test interventions to promote adaptation behaviour in real-world settings. After which, the relationship between climate adaptation behaviour and climate mitigation behaviour are considered and the potential for integrating these bodies of literature is put forward. It concludes with an agenda for future psychological research on climate change adaptation behaviour.
Red, Green, and Blue

Red, Green, and Blue
  • The Partisan Divide on Environmental Issues
  • David Karol
  • Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    25 April 2019
  • This Element explores the growing party divisions on the environment in the United States. It draws upon quantitative and qualitative data from several decades of national and state politics. The study contributes theory to the party position change literature, showing that interest groups change parties, but in turn are changed by them. In the 1970s the characteristics that predicted voters' attitudes on the environment also predicted legislators' votes. Yet as environmentalists and their opponents aligned with parties, officials had incentives to set their own views aside to represent new party constituencies. Influence flowed in both directions, however. Environmentalists were drawn to the Democrats as they confronted GOP-linked business lobbies. Environmentalists' resulting need to cooperate with other groups close to Democrats led them to change their positions. Although environmentalists were long unwelcoming to minorities, they embraced immigration reform, allied with unions on trade, and worked with civil rights lobbies and labor in battles over judicial nominations. The Element concludes with discussion of how the current party alignment on the environment might change.
God and Morality

God and Morality
  • Anne Jeffrey
  • Published online:
    25 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019
  • This Element has two aims. The first is to discuss arguments philosophers have made about the difference God's existence might make to questions of general interest in metaethics. The second is to argue that it is a mistake to think we can get very far in answering these questions by assuming a thin conception of God, and to suggest that exploring the implications of thick theisms for metaethics would be more fruitful.
God, Soul and the Meaning of Life

God, Soul and the Meaning of Life
  • Thaddeus Metz
  • Published online:
    25 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019
  • This Element critically explores the potential relevance of God or a soul for life's meaning as discussed in recent Anglo-American philosophical literature. There have been four broad views: God or a soul is necessary for meaning in our lives; neither is necessary for it; one or both would greatly enhance the meaning in our lives; one or both would substantially detract from it. This Element familiarizes readers with all four positions, paying particular attention to the latter two, and also presents prima facie objections to them, points out gaps in research agendas and suggests argumentative strategies that merit development.
Religious Fictionalism

Religious Fictionalism
  • Robin Le Poidevin
  • Published online:
    24 April 2019
    Print publication:
    25 April 2019
  • This Element is an introduction to contemporary religious fictionalism, its motivation and challenges. Among the issues raised are: can religion be viewed as a game of make-believe? In what ways does religious fictionalism parallel positions often labelled 'fictionalist' in ethics and metaphysics? Does religious fictionalism represent an advance over its rivals? Can fictionalism provide an adequate understanding of the characteristic features of the religious life, such as worship, prayer, moral commitment? Does fictionalism face its own version of the problem of evil? Is realism about theistic (God-centred) language less religiously serious than fictionalism?
The Protective State

The Protective State
  • Christopher Ansell
  • Published online:
    04 April 2019
    Print publication:
    18 April 2019
  • The modern state protects citizens from many different harms, from industrial accidents to airline crashes. This Element illuminates a distinctive politics of protection that transcends policy sectors as diverse as criminal justice, consumer protection, and public health. Adopting a comparative and historical perspective, the Element identifies common drivers of protective state-building as well as cross-national differences in the politics of protection. The Element concludes by examining political theories of the protective state, which seek to defend and critique the obligations for and the limits of state protection.
Proficiency Predictors in Sequential Bilinguals

Proficiency Predictors in Sequential Bilinguals
  • The Proficiency Puzzle
  • Lynette Austin, Arturo E. Hernandez, John W. Schwieter
  • Published online:
    01 April 2019
    Print publication:
    28 March 2019
  • This Element provides an overview of research considering variables deemed to impact bilingual language acquisition, and highlights research outcomes from a variety of disciplines. An exploratory study takes into account these variables and examines the language acquisition of adult Spanish-English bilinguals across a range of domains in their two languages. The results demonstrate that the highly interactive nature of bilingual speakers' languages is in line with a holistic view of the dynamic, interdependent nature of bilingualism as described by usage-based theories and dynamic systems theories, and by the conceptualization of bilingual language from a Dynamic Interactive Processing Perspective.

Page 99 of 104