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2248 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 1 of 113

Value-Based Governance

Value-Based Governance
  • Gjalt de Graaf
  • Published online:
    17 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • Public governance is inherently normative, so it is important to study the values of public governance – particularly in the present-day context, where, given increasingly differentiated Western public governance, many different values come into play and new value conflicts arise. In this Element, a value-based governance (VBG) perspective is presented. In this perspective, values take center stage as the guiding concept in the theory and practice of public administration and are used as a heuristic to understand and analyze public governance. One section focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of coping strategies used by actors and institutions when dealing with value conflicts. In the final section, the author returns to the practice of public governance: the VBG paradigm entails public governance with normative reasoning. Value-based governance is about bringing the value rationality back in and recognizing intrinsic values. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Restoration Acting and Other Business

Restoration Acting and Other Business
  • The Lives of Henry Harris
  • David Roberts
  • Published online:
    17 December 2025
    Print publication:
    31 December 2025
  • How did actors of the late seventeenth century supplement their earnings? And what were the relationships between their other business and their acting? This Element focuses on the diverse career of Henry Harris, a leading member of the Duke's Company between 1661 and 1682, and co-manager of the company for a decade. A skilled engraver, Harris also held appointments at the Royal Mint and as Yeoman of the Revels at court, all against the background of a fragmented private life. Drawing on recently discovered manuscript material, this is the first full-length study of a major performer of the Restoration period.
Germaine Tailleferre

Germaine Tailleferre
  • Caroline Potter
  • Published online:
    16 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) is now remembered largely because she was a member of Les Six, a group of French composers active in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Tailleferre encountered many obstacles, most notably a difficult personal life including two brief marriages to men who were unsupportive of her musical career; it is also true that critics tended to focus on her gender rather than her musical style. This Element tells the fascinating story of Tailleferre's life and long career and, most significantly, explores the development of her musical style and her role in the development of neoclassicism in France. In recent years, international performers have rediscovered her appealing, lively music and have at last started to bring Tailleferre to wider audiences. This Element will contribute to the rediscovery of Tailleferre and will reveal her to be a significant force in twentieth-century French music.
The London Foundling Hospital and Eighteenth-Century Objects of Charity

The London Foundling Hospital and Eighteenth-Century Objects of Charity
  • Recovering the Digital Archive
  • Hilary E. Wyss
  • Published online:
    16 December 2025
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    31 January 2026
  • The Foundling Hospital was established in London in 1739 to save impoverished infants from destitution and abandonment by separating them from their mothers and raising them in an institutional setting. The Hospital, which also housed an art collection, concert series, and fashionable park, became a monument to the largess of the benefactors willing to support the reshaping of supposedly unwanted babies into “worthy” citizens useful to their nation. In 2024 the Coram Foundation digitized parts of its voluminous archive from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, making these records available to the public in unprecedented ways. Through a close examination of the material artifacts of the Hospital, this analysis of the first few decades of this institution makes visible the uneasy tension between the perspective of the benefactors and the experiences of foundlings from the moment of separation from their birth parent(s) through their years associated with the Foundling Hospital.
Mind and Psychology in Early China

Mind and Psychology in Early China
  • Lisa Raphals
  • Published online:
    16 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • This Element describes early Chinese views of the heart-mind (xin 心) and its relation to the psychology of a whole person, including the body, affective and cognitive faculties, and the spirit (shén 神). It argues for a divergence in Warring States thought between 'mind-centered' and 'spirit-centered' approaches to self-cultivation. It surveys the Analects, Mengzi, Guanzi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Huainanzi, the Huangdi neijing, and excavated medical manuscripts from Mawangdui, as well as a brief comparative perspective to ancient Greek views of these topics. It argues for a contrast between post-Cartesian dualism and Chinese and Greek psycho-physicalism.
New Religious Movements and the Romantic Spirit of Modernity

New Religious Movements and the Romantic Spirit of Modernity
  • Stef Aupers, Dick Houtman, Galen Watts
  • Published online:
    16 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • Although new religious movements (NRMs) are characterized as diverse and unique, this Element analyzes the cultural logic underlying this apparent diversity from a sociological approach. Section 1 demonstrates that NRMs are substantially shaped by the Romantic counterculture emerging around the 1960s and its critique of churched religion, modern industries, science, and capitalism. Section 2 shows how these Romantic NRMs shaped the Western mainstream in the twenty-first century. Subsequent sections discuss the institutionalization of New Age spirituality in health care and business; the mediatization of modern paganism in film, television series, and online games; and the emergence of new NRMs in Silicon Valley that are formed around technologies of salvation (virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology). The Element concludes that the Romantic spirit of the NRMs – once distinctly countercultural – has paradoxically developed into a driving ideological force that now consolidates and strengthens the machineries of late-modern institutions.
A Zombie Theory of Translation

A Zombie Theory of Translation
  • Or, What is a 'Revenant' Translation?
  • Douglas Robinson
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • In 'Des Tours de Babel' Jacques Derrida brilliantly deconstructs Benjamin's 1923 essay, but in 'What is a 'Relevant' Translation?' his wording suggestively hints at the possibility that Benjamin sees the source text dying and returning to life as the translation, in which only the body (not the mind, not the spirit, not the sense) of the source text survives. Smash these two brilliant theorists' ideas together and arguably what emerges is a zombie theory of translation: zombies, after all, are mindless embodied revenants. If we shift Derrida's titular question slightly, and ask “What is a 'Revenant' Translation?”, one radical answer would be that it is a zombie translation. To that end this Element not only theorizes the six million Holocaust Shylock-zombies but explores that theme narratively, in a 5,000-word short story interwoven with the 20,000-word article.
Kant on Respect (<i>Achtung</i>)

Kant on Respect (Achtung)
  • Jörg Noller
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • This Element reconstructs Kant's puzzling statements about the moral feeling of respect (Achtung), which is 'a feeling self-wrought by means of a rational concept and therefore specifically different' from all common feelings (4:401n.). The focus is on the systematic position of respect within the framework of Kant's major works and within the faculties of the human mind. The concept of respect is discussed with regard to (i) the transcendental problem of noumenal causation in Kant's first Critique; (ii) the practical problem of moral motivation in Kant's second Critique; (iii) the aesthetic problem of feeling and the dynamic sublime in Kant's third Critique; and (iv) the problem of moral imputability and education in Kant's Religion and Metaphysics of Morals. By considering its self-reflective volitional structure, this Element argues for a compatibilist account of the moral feeling of respect, according to which both intellectualist and affectivist interpretations are true.
When Hedging Fails

When Hedging Fails
  • Structural Uncertainty, Protective Options, and Geopolitical (Im)Prudence in Smaller Powers’ Behaviour
  • Alexander Korolev
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
  • Hedging has been widely viewed as an optimal foreign policy for small and middle powers. However, hedging was more effective in some cases than others and ultimately proved detrimental for certain states. This Element contributes to knowledge about hedging by explaining why some smaller powers can hedge successfully between competing great powers while others fail, suffering serious harm. It develops a theoretical model consisting of international-systemic and state-level variables that determine hedging outcomes. It then tests the model using cases in the post-Soviet space (Georgia, Ukraine) and Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines) exposed to great power rivalry but exhibiting different hedging outcomes. It shows that hedging failure occurs due to changes in three key variables – structural uncertainty, availability of protective options, and decisionmakers' geopolitical prudence – and interactions between them. The Element highlights the limits to smaller power hedging and argues that hedging should not be taken for granted.
Artificial Intelligence and Public Policy

Artificial Intelligence and Public Policy
  • Fernando Filgueiras
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • In a global landscape increasingly shaped by technology, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a disruptive force, redefining not only our daily lives but also the very essence of governance. This Element delves deeply into the intricate relationship between AI and the policy process, unraveling how this technology is reshaping the formulation, implementation, and advice of public policies, as well as influencing the structures and actors involved. Policy science was based on practice knowledge that guided the actions of policymakers. However, the rise of AI introduces an unprecedented sociotechnical reengineering, changing the way knowledge is produced and used in government. Artificial intelligence in public policy is not about transferring policy to machines but about a fundamental change in the construction of knowledge, driven by a hybrid intelligence that arises from the interaction between humans and machines.
Coastal Gothic, 1719–2020

Coastal Gothic, 1719–2020
  • Jimmy Packham
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • Littoral zones such as haunted shorelines, oppressively expansive beaches, and the crumbling edgelands around coastal cliffs have been an indelible feature of the Gothic literary tradition since the eighteenth century. They are frequently portrayed as strange, interstitial realms, sites of epistemic and existential precarity, of wreckage and uncanny returns, poised between the homely and unhomely, whose intense openness to the world(s) beyond contend uneasily (yet valuably) with the imagined integrity of selves and nations: it is a region, above all, of unsettlement. Coastal Gothic, 1719–2020 offers the first long-form examination of the coastal Gothic. Focusing on British and Irish Gothic authors and on the fraught political and human histories of the coastline, this Element examines the function of littoral terror, hauntings, and uncanny encounters as a means of unsettling pervasive conceptions of identity at national, regional, and individual levels.
Myths, History Wars, and Indigenous-Settler Relations in Canada and Other Settler States

Myths, History Wars, and Indigenous-Settler Relations in Canada and Other Settler States
  • David Bruce Amichand MacDonald
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • Many western settler states are undertaking processes to improve Indigenous-settler relations. The primary focus is Canada, with some discussion of Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, and the United States of America. This Element highlights myths promoted by explorers, settlers, and the state about Indigenous Peoples and history. It engages with and attempts to correct a selection of the misperceptions that have developed over the many centuries. I argue that the first 'foundational history wars' were advanced by European explorers, travellers, and settlers through the promotion of negative myths about Indigenous Peoples, as an accompaniment to settler colonialism. I distinguish these from 'modern history wars' from the 1960s to the 1990s. The goal is to provide a fuller history which critically engages settler myths, privileges Indigenous perspectives, and offers a robust and informed critique of dominant historical narratives. The larger goal is to promote truth as a necessary accompaniment to reconciliation.
Speech Act Theory

Speech Act Theory
  • Between Narrow and Broad Pragmatics
  • Stavros Assimakopoulos
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    31 January 2026
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  • Speech act theory has been foundational in establishing pragmatics as an independent field of inquiry; yet, recent pragmatic research appears to have drifted away from the theoretical investigation of speech acts. This Element explores the reasons why this is so, focusing on the difference of perspective that emerges when the scope of the discipline is viewed through a narrow versus a broad lens. Following an overview of the initial exposition of speech act theory by Austin, it tracks its evolution, through subsequent Searlean and Gricean elaborations, to the currently received view. This view is then found to have diverged substantially from Austin's original vision, largely due to its alignment with the narrow conception of pragmatics. Against this backdrop, it is suggested that embracing the broad take on the discipline can allow for a reintegration of Austin's vision into the way we theorise about speech acts.
Conjuring the Arab Magician

Conjuring the Arab Magician
  • Intercultural Histories of Magic
  • Gal Sofer
  • Published online:
    15 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • This Element reassesses narratives of intercultural transmission in medieval European magic, highlighting complex processes of compilation and attribution often obscured by broad labels. Following an Introduction that lays out the methodological framework, Section 1 ('The Wise Saracens') explores a medieval Christian magician's depiction of Islam and the figure of the Arab magician, illustrating how authors blended genuine intercultural exchanges with imaginative attributions. Section 2 ('The Seven Names') reconsiders a Latin magical text traditionally labeled 'Arabic magic,' demonstrating that its complex, multicultural components resist any simple claims of a lost Arabic original. Section 3 ('The Almandel Problem') presents another contested text, showing how philological evidence often complicates a linear model of transmission. Finally, this volume offers a complete edition and translation of The Book of Seven Names, discussed in Section 2.
Diachronic Narratology in Greek Myth

Diachronic Narratology in Greek Myth
  • Silvio Bär
  • Published online:
    13 December 2025
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    31 December 2025
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  • Diachronic Narratology in Greek Myth looks at ancient Greek mythology from the viewpoint of its storytelling through time. There are hundreds of different figures and stories in Greek mythology, interconnected in a complex narrative network. While earlier research often sought to penetrate the core of the seemingly 'true' or 'original' myths, it is now better understood that the way the myths were conveyed constitutes their actual essence: how a story is told, and retold, cannot be separated from the story itself. Based on brief introductions to the basics of mythology and narratology, this Element offers a discussion of three paradigmatic characters from Greek mythology and their voyage through literary history: Odysseus, Herakles and Helen. It demonstrates how a narratological approach can enrich our perspective on, and understanding of, mythology.
Cage, Nono and 1960s Hauntology

Cage, Nono and 1960s Hauntology
  • Sonic Ghosts
  • Clare Lesser
  • Published online:
    13 December 2025
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    31 January 2026
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  • 'What does it mean to follow a ghost?' Posing this question in Specters of Marx (1993), Jacques Derrida introduces the philosophical concept of 'hauntology' and the 'medium of the media' through the Shakespearian trope that time is 'out of joint'. Replete with ghostly crackles, hiss, pops and static, analogue media occupied a pivotal role in experimental music and praxis in the twentieth century, particularly during the 1960s, when composers such as John Cage and Luigi Nono systematically exploited the affordances of records and tape in composition and performance. Exploring hauntology's ghostly interplay with music and technology, this Element considers lost futures, past usage and future implications for hauntological music from the late 1930s to the twenty-first century.
Hegel's Sublation of Transcendental Idealism

Hegel's Sublation of Transcendental Idealism
  • Christian Krijnen
  • Published online:
    12 December 2025
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    31 December 2025
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  • Speculative idealism is the end of transcendental idealism. Focusing on the problem of the beginning of philosophy, this thesis is substantiated in four chapters. The chapter on Kant exposes the problem of the beginning and its solution. The chapter on contemporary transcendental philosophy shows that even in the most advanced versions of transcendental philosophy, the problem of the beginning remains. The chapter on neo-Kantianism, so important for contemporary transcendental philosophy, renders explicit that here too the problem of the beginning is a paradigmatic burden of transcendental idealism. The first three chapters proof concerning all dimensions of Hegel's Logic (Being, Essence, Concept) that transcendental philosophy perishes due to the methodical profile of its reflection and requires its sublation by speculative idealism. For this reason, as becomes clear from the final chapter, a return to the late Fichte does not overcome the problem of the beginning either.
Intracranial Abscess in Adults

Intracranial Abscess in Adults
  • See Yung Phang, William Taylor
  • Published online:
    12 December 2025
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    22 January 2026
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  • Adult cerebral infections are a common neurosurgical emergency presentation in the UK. This Element provides a comprehensive guide for clinicians, detailing the epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors associated with the various types of cerebral infections including cerebral abscess, subdural empyema, epidural abscess and cranial fungal and parasitic infections. The clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, including surgical and antibiotic management, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and tailored treatment plans. Flow diagrams summarizing the management of cerebral infections are also provided in this Element.
Trade in Tasks

Trade in Tasks
  • A New Perspective on International Trade, Structural Change and Economic Development
  • Gaaitzen J. de Vries, Marcel P. Timmer
  • Published online:
    11 December 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
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  • This Element synthesizes a decade of research on who is doing what and where in global value chains. Moving beyond the traditional product- or industry-based approach, the authors introduce a task-based framework for analyzing trade and structural transformation. This novel perspective captures the increasingly fragmented and specialized nature of global production. They present new data and methods to measure the income and employment associated with task exports, and analyze evolving patterns of task specialization along countries' development paths. By demonstrating the versatility and policy relevance of this approach, they aim to inspire further research and inform debates on trade, growth, and development. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Youth Culture and Religion in Twenty-First Century Japan

Youth Culture and Religion in Twenty-First Century Japan
  • From Hyper-real to 2.5-Dimensional Religion
  • Satoko Fujiwara, Hiroki Miura
  • Published online:
    11 December 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • This Element explores emerging forms of religiosity among Japanese young adults. It argues that existing frameworks are insufficient to capture the nuances of youth religiosity in the Era of Virtuality. It introduces the concepts of “2.5-dimensional religion” and “subjective ritualization” to explain how young people engage with digital, fictional, and embodied practices that blur the boundaries between reality and imagination. Drawing from examples such as oshi-katsu (fandom-based devotional practices), 2.5-D musicals, tulpa creation, and anime pilgrimage, it identifies a shift from narrative-based subjective myths to embodied and participatory subjective rituals. It demonstrates the ways that contemporary Japanese youth express their religiosity through affective ties, performative engagements, and layered identities in both physical and digital environments. The Element contributes a new theoretical lens for understanding religion across cultures in an age defined by fragmented identities, technological mediation, and the search for connection through affectively charged, often playful, quasi-religious practices.

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