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11877 results in Cambridge Handbooks

Page 572 of 594

  • Chapter 18 - Prayer and The Kingdom of Heaven

  • from Part IV - Symbolic resources for the constitution of experience
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 373-403

  • Summary

    This chapter highlights what cultural-genetic psychology considers to be two pillars of orientation of human species: orientation to objects and orientation to social others, described by Wallon and Vygotsky in their respective socio-genetic approaches. It discusses the role of voice and speech in religious directivity and their essential implication in prayer. The analysis of spoken and written protocols emerges as a strategic method, for the study of both directivity in general and that of religious activity in particular. The consideration of external representational phenomena as linked to the processing of internal mental representations opens a door to the external analysis of mental processes from the cognitive perspective. A psychotechnical resource can provide us with extremely rich information on the external and internal mechanisms of mediation. From a mediational perspective, considering humankind as a family indeed appears to be a good psychotecnics of thinking and of feeling.

  • Chapter 11 - Time and Movement in Symbol Formation

  • from Part III - From orientation to meaning
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 238-256

  • Summary

    Cultural psychology requires a theoretical perspective and a rigorous methodology. Focusing on the sampling method, sampling the specimens together with their contextual and historical surroundings is needed. Socio-cultural-historical phenomena in cultural psychology are studied with a different type of universality in focus that is available to researchers through analytic generalization. The basic notion of psychological science needs to be built upon idiographic assumptions. The chapter introduces three studies using the trajectory equifinality model (TEM) model that is the basis for the historically structured sampling (HSS) method of sampling. In the case of each of the three: on adolescents' abortion experience, girls' decisions to start making cosmetics, and infertile wives to abandon to continue receiving reproductive treatments. The chapter outlines the structures of personal life decision histories through an analysis of various bifurcation points.

  • Chapter 29 - Symbolic Politics and Cultural Symbols

  • from Part VI - From social culture to personal culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 591-607

  • Summary

    A back-and-forth shuffling of initiating and responding actions contributes to the transformation of both personal and social experiences. To illustrate these dialectic processes of change, this chapter draws on young adults' experiences of late modern social life. The experience of teaching young adults has been for us a rich source of examples of the construction of Do-it-Yourself (DIY) personal life projects that Beck and Beck-Gernsheim see as the personal response to the demands of life in late modernity. The processes of creating an identity and a personal place in social institutions: the processes of "Individualization" are critical experiences of the transition to adult privileges and responsibilities. A personal identity and pattern of interaction is progressively constructed and affirmed in its expression in multiple person-by-institution encounters. The chapter focuses on how reciprocal activities link the sociological theory to sociocultural psychological theory.

  • Chapter 16 - The Role of Symbolic Resources in Human Lives

  • from Part IV - Symbolic resources for the constitution of experience
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 343-361

  • Summary

    This chapter talks about a special population of non-human primates whose abilities and social competencies deserve the attention of cultural studies. It explains a long-term investigation of language, culture, and tools in a society of bonobos (Pan paniscus) having lived in Decatur, Georgia for the last 25 years. The chapter discusses the culture theory based upon the empirical and ethnographic facts of ape language research (ALR). The idea of ethnographic accounts with nonhuman primates is new, and perhaps startleling to ethological and cartesianist perspectives. One must consider that Vygotsky's idea of zone of proximal development (ZPD) is an effect with continuity within, at least, Pan and Homo. The ZPD is the critical radius upon which enculturation occurs. The effects are total and permanent and preempt biology. This idea is part of the explanation of why researchers observe so many different outcomes with culturally different groups of chimpanzees or bonobos.

  • Chapter 32 - Collective Memory

  • from Part VII - Making sense of the past for the future: memory and self-reflection
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 645-660

  • Summary

    This chapter defines peer culture as a stable set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share in interaction with peers. It discusses on sociocultural theory that can benefit from theory and research in childhood studies and the notion of interpretive reproduction. To demonstrate processes of children creating peer cultures and establishing group identities the chapter considers the involvement of children of various ages in three different types of shared peer activities: ritualized sharing, improvised fantasy play, and shared acts of resistance to adult authority. The chapter considers the nature and development of affiliation or friendship in these and other shared features of children's peer cultures. It describes the three of many features of children's creation of new cultures in peer interaction: toddlers' non-verbal and verbal play routines, children's improvised fantasy play, and children strategies and secondary adjustments to challenge and get around adult rules.

  • Chapter 6 - Functional Systems of Perception-Action and Re-Mediation

  • from Part II - From nature to culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 124-139

  • Summary

    Socio-cultural psychology is widely known as a theory and research field that stresses the determinant role of social interaction and culture in the development of the higher psychological functions. This chapter presents a view of the human subject that avoided dualism (mind-body, individual-social, physical-symbolic) and was capable of bridging the gap between the basic psychological processes and the higher processes involving consciousness and meaning. It describes the reorganization of dynamic systems as a key concept for the description and explanation of perception and movement. The main claim is that the kind of explanation including self-organization and temporal dynamics applied to the development of perception and action may be useful for the explanation of how socialization and enculturation processes develop. The chapter explores the concept of re-mediation, and the practices from it derived, which are one of the privileged arenas where basic psychological processes and socio-cultural phenomena have historically intersected.

  • Chapter 4 - Sampling Reconsidered

  • from Part I - Theoretical and methodological issues
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 82-106

  • Summary

    Cultural psychology requires a theoretical perspective and a rigorous methodology. Focusing on the sampling method, sampling the specimens together with their contextual and historical surroundings is needed. Socio-cultural-historical phenomena in cultural psychology are studied with a different type of universality in focus that is available to researchers through analytic generalization. The basic notion of psychological science needs to be built upon idiographic assumptions. The chapter introduces three studies using the trajectory equifinality model (TEM) model that is the basis for the historically structured sampling (HSS) method of sampling. In the case of each of the three: on adolescents' abortion experience, girls' decisions to start making cosmetics, and infertile wives to abandon to continue receiving reproductive treatments. The chapter outlines the structures of personal life decision histories through an analysis of various bifurcation points.

  • Chapter 27 - The Institutions Inside

  • from Part VI - From social culture to personal culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 560-575

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the parallels between metaphor and the sign applying to the extent that one accepts the temporal embeddedness of human meaning-making. By temporal embeddedness, it is meant that each experience humans have is made novel by its unique position within the temporal order. One situation in which the literal and imagined are allowed close company, and remain visible as they hold it, is the poem. The chapter turns to illustrate the poetic motion of the sign in more detail. Daniel describes feeling that his identity was a façade, a remainder left behind after years of draining emotional content out of experience. The 'literal' and 'imagined' can be seen as a dynamic field of analysis in socio-cultural psychology. In an ephemeral world, humans are doing something to organize experience, yet that organizer, the sign, itself bears the mark of the temporal flow, and perpetually transforming through those tensions.

  • Chapter 23 - Cultural-Historical Approaches to Designing for Development

  • from Part V - From society to the person through culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 484-507

  • Summary

    This chapter summarizes theory and research descended from Vygotsky and his followers that takes seriously the idea that practice is essential for testing and improving "cultural-historical activity theory" (CH/AT). It reviews some theoretical principles used in CH/AT-inspired intervention research. As applied to the domain of mathematics, the Elkonin-Davydov curriculum is designed to provide students with the clearest possible understanding of the concept of real number. Davydov's work was initially a key inspiration for the Finnish group of activity theorists who have expanded the use of the theory to the world of work. The work led to an intervention toolkit based on the principle of double stimulation. The chapter also discusses the 5th Dimension idiocultures, which routinely create an institutionalized version of a zone of proximal development for participants. Like the Change Laboratories, those who would use the 5th Dimension to challenge CH/AT theories turn to "real life" measures of effectiveness.

  • Chapter 28 - Identity, Rights, and Duties

  • from Part VI - From social culture to personal culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 576-590

  • Summary

    This chapter highlights what cultural-genetic psychology considers to be two pillars of orientation of human species: orientation to objects and orientation to social others, described by Wallon and Vygotsky in their respective socio-genetic approaches. It discusses the role of voice and speech in religious directivity and their essential implication in prayer. The analysis of spoken and written protocols emerges as a strategic method, for the study of both directivity in general and that of religious activity in particular. The consideration of external representational phenomena as linked to the processing of internal mental representations opens a door to the external analysis of mental processes from the cognitive perspective. A psychotechnical resource can provide us with extremely rich information on the external and internal mechanisms of mediation. From a mediational perspective, considering humankind as a family indeed appears to be a good psychotecnics of thinking and of feeling.

  • Chapter 25 - The Family

  • from Part V - From society to the person through culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 524-540

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews psychological studies of emotion in the broad area of cultural psychology. It presents an analysis of indigenous emotional state prevalent among Koreans as an exemplar of illustrating cultural psychological analysis of emotion. The chapter discusses the indigenous analysis in broader context and the implications it has for psychological research in general. The research tradition that followed the universalist paradigm tried to describe commonalities and differences in emotional experience among different cultures. Psychologists in the field of cultural psychology all seem to agree on this constitutive view of culture and emotion. In order to clarify the cultural emotion of shimcheong, the chapter examines several concepts having similar features to it from existing literature. More important task for cultural psychology of emotion is to show how emotion is lived through for individual members to manage their individuality as well as collectivity.

  • Chapter 12 - Object Use, Communication, and Signs

  • from Part III - From orientation to meaning
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 257-276

  • Summary

    Language acquisition is seen as having a plurality of functions that are themselves linked to a plurality of contexts beyond language without which its uses could not be understood. This chapter explains how the pragmatic perspective was introduced in early Cognitive development through the acquisition of language. In the study of early infancy, it is very common for objects to be treated as natural signs that lead to "natural and direct interpretations. The chapter discusses the Bruner's work in the 1970s, influenced by the philosophers of the linguistic turn. He introduced the idea of "pragmatic opportunism" which humans use when solving problems. Based on the work on triadic adult-infant-object interaction, the chapter highlights the importance of longitudinal, microgenetic and qualitative research, based on the processes of construction. The Peircien approach, which allows for the inclusion of objects and their uses within a semiotic reading, is also discussed.

  • Chapter 10 - Acts of Psyche

  • from Part III - From orientation to meaning
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 205-237

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the historical socio-cultural processes of producing psychological theories, and most specifically theories of a socio-cultural kind. Psychology is a consequence of situated activities and thus the knowledge it offers is subordinated to a process of continuous cultural and historical transformation. The chapter describes how human rationality gets shaped in a socio-historical spiral, focusing on how culture establishes and distributes levels of self-reflection about human action. An analysis of the emergence of psychological theories about the socio-cultural phenomenon follows. The chapter then explains how multidisciplinary heritage produced current psychological approaches to socio-cultural phenomena. The sociocultural network of contents, reasons, and meanings, which shape subjectivity and permit to make sense of human activity is examined. Finally, the chapter argues that human behavior involves an activity oriented towards establishing the meaning of experiencing.

  • Chapter 31 - Social and Cognitive Determinants of Collective Memory for Public Events1

  • from Part VII - Making sense of the past for the future: memory and self-reflection
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 625-644

  • Summary

    This chapter explores young children's conversations as a unique linguistic, social, and cultural phenomenon, by investigating the relative salience, contexts, affordances, structures, and functions of conversation in preschoolers' peer interactions. It reviews the developmental perspective of child-language study and socio-cultural perspective of sociolinguistics and ethnography. The chapter then draws on both in analyzing naturally occurring peer conversations of young Israeli children. The socio-cultural perspective on children's conversations brings to the fore the culturally filtered nature of conversational skills, emphasizing that the specific definition of the scope of normative conversational performance is culture-sensitive and often reflects or echoes underlying cultural norms and ethos. The chapter focuses on initiation and engagement patterns and on the linguistic and topical characteristics of each segment of the interactions to demonstrate the ways preschoolers gradually move from activity-related talk to independent conversations. Then, it discusses the rare cases of non-activity-related talk in preschool peer interaction.

  • Chapter 30 - The Dialogical Self

  • from Part VI - From social culture to personal culture
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 608-622

  • Summary

    This chapter attempts a contribution to the development of such a promising theory relating to a dialogical self, in the tradition initiated by Hermans and his collaborators. It clarifies the basic axiomatic assumptions of dialogism, in order to create a tool for a critical analysis of the dialogical self-theory. The chapter discusses with some reflections about the structural elements of a dialogical self-description and its dynamics, especially its hierarchical organization. In order to build a dialogical perspective about psychological phenomena, one should probably take into account that (1) the psychological realm is brought to being through the dialogical properties of our existence, and (2) dialogicality is deeply rooted in a given cultural context. A dialogical self is a difficult task for a science that highly values a disengaged subject with rational properties within a society that is still largely formatted by individualistic values.

  • Chapter 2 - Language, Cognition, Subjectivity

  • from Part I - Theoretical and methodological issues
  • Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    04 June 2007, pp 40-61

  • Summary

    This chapter addresses how do language, cognition, and subjectivity relate each other. Language is constitutive of the speaking animal's being-in-the world, or in less philosophical terms, language is constitutive of humans' position or situation in the world. Since the early 20th century, cultural differences between languages have been a major topic of scientific debate in linguistics, anthropology, and psychology. The chapter explains some of the theoretical and methodical domains, which currently set much of social and cultural psychology's agenda. It focuses on the relation between language and culture with respect to discourse analysis, theory of social representations, and metaphor analysis. The chapter provides suggestions for cultural psychology's core research aims and research practice. It argues that cultural psychology, needs to clearly dissociate from an objectivistic-naturalistic, a historical understanding of its objects and of itself in order to value the originality of human creations.

Page 572 of 594