Impeachment by Congress is the principal Article I check on the presidency. Presidents also can be held accountable in federal courts and sometimes by state courts. These include suits for injunctive relief against the President such as the famous Youngstown Steel case. More recent cases include Boumediene v. Bush and Biden v. Nebraska. A separate category is when a president or former president is personally sued for money damages. In these scenarios we consider what special rules, if any, apply when the President is a defendant?

This chapter returns to the establishment of the British Museum, focusing on Sloane’s prints and drawings. It looks at his categorisation of visual material and the subsequent division of that material, focussing on the historical distinctions between ‘miniatura’ and ‘prints’ and the importance of something being framed or unframed. Taking examples of items which have been categorised as different things across the spectrum of printed images to printed text, the chapter ultimately argues that provenance is inherently paratextual and that how something is presented changes what it can be. A set of drawings initially owned by John Locke, now found between the British Library and the British Museum, demonstrates the forces of arbitrary chance and individual decisions on the subsequent survival and classification of an object. Finally, the chapter considers the importance of paper within a library, as a determining feature both materially and metaphorically,

In the ‘Coda’ to Part III, I reflect on the relationship between late medieval religious and economic practices, brought together through the theme of alchemy.

Abstract: This chapter understands modernity’s fragmented and contradictory secular modernities through the prism of the state of nature accounts of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. It offers a new taxonomy of the varieties of modern secularization in terms of deflationary, collateral, and psychologizing imaginaries.

The complexity of international economic sanctions, breach of which can carry severe penalties, is well known to cause banks and other financial institutions to “de-risk” in relation to sanctioned countries. The practice of denying financial services to entire classes of people prevents those who need to transfer funds to or from sanctioned countries from accessing traditional banking channels, often leading them to rely instead on Informal Value Transfer Systems (IVTS). Where IVTS service providers are not properly licensed, customers increasingly risk being targeted by law enforcement agencies under wide-ranging civil forfeiture laws. The chapter considers how this state of affairs has developed, with a focus on members of the Iranian diaspora who seek to transfer money between Iran and the UK and US. Two individual case studies are considered and the authors address the treatment of those caught in the crosshairs of sanctions and anti-money laundering measures and some of the remedies available to them.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, related transformations took place in the world of labor and empires; the American War drove up the price of cotton while stimulating the creation of new cotton plantations around the world, much of it based on forced labor, if not slavery. At the same time, political changes in Europe gave workers greater rights, and the first welfare states contributed greatly to this outcome. But this process also had two side effects: on the one hand, small units collapsed and capital concentrated in the West; on the other, new investment opportunities were sought outside Europe, especially where labor was unprotected. The result was neo-imperialism in Asia and Africa. Thus, the world of work became deeply fragmented, with protected white (male) workers on one side and women, colonial and “colored” workers on the other, who enjoyed no social protection and were still subject to strong coercion.

Chapter 4 addresses jewels as excavated geological witnesses of the Christian nature of the Holy Land, reflecting on their discomforting association with – and disassociation from – Jewish communities. As with other Syriana, the late medieval jewel trade bore the legacies of crusading trade: the European fashion for pearls has been linked to cross-cultural contact in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with Acre being a high status pearl market. The geological origins of Syrian jewels implicated claims to their ownership in notions of the Holy Land as physical, possessable territory. In medieval lapidaries, the catalogues of jewels in Exodus 28 and Revelation 21 combine with translated Arabic science in complex and contradictory ways. The God-given natural agency of jewels became the basis for their widespread use in medicine.

This chapter focuses on specifying computations using multisets within a logic programming framework. It illustrates this by encoding numerals, letters, and words as multisets. The chapter provides examples of encoding computational models such as finite automata and pushdown automata using linear logic and multisets. It also touches upon the properties of these encodings. Bibliographic notes point to related work on multiset rewriting and its applications.

The official abolition of serfdom in 1861 was preceded by several laws and partial reforms. If serfdom underwent a profound transformation during the first half of the nineteenth century, many legal constraints remained after its abolition. Despite these restrictions, however, the new context did not halt but rather promote economic growth, which was mainly based on pluriactivity and labor intensification. Regional differentiation was crucial, as were the profound differences in the profitability of different Russian colonies.

Abstract: This chapter theorizes three “figures” – the theoretical gestures or patterns – of the state of nature: a flattening of complexity, a partition between natural and civil conditions, and a normalization one of the sides of the partition. It argues that these figures recur across Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau’s work, where they present en abyme characteristic patterns of Western modernity.

During and after the 2024 election, President Trump said he would lead a mass deportation of undocumented immigrants from the United States. The estimate for undocumented immigrants in the United States is approximately 11 million people. Their deportation, in addition to legal and humanitarian concerns, could destabilize the United States economy by causing a significant labor shortage, increasing food prices, construction, and other sectors that for years have relied heavily on labor of undocumented immigrants. This potentially pits Trump’s immigration policy against one of his other 2024 campaign promises, to reduce inflation.