The Bengalis in Pakistan are starving…. One in ten is suffering from an absolute shortage of food. Twice that have protein and vitamin deficiencies, including women and children…. Harassment and discrimination have become part of everyday life…. The great impact has been to upper-class Bengalis, who are now treated as ‘niggers,’ or lower class…. But the small amount of additional discrimination to the lower classes affects many more people already at the edge of the cliff….

These are the observations of Jack Smith's report ‘Stranded Bengalis in Pakistan: The Winter 1972’, which provides ordinary Bengalis’ post-war experiences in Pakistan, detailing the despair the community faced and its response to it, from resilience to resistance. Even though most ordinary Bengalis were not interned, they were still under strict surveillance by the Pakistani government. They were not only subjected to curfews, censorship and exclusion from sensitive areas, but were also barred from leaving the country. Their experiences remain outside mainstream historiography. This chapter examines the internment experiences of Bengalis beyond camps and their discursive efforts to establish self-support networks while maintaining connections to their motherland, Bangladesh. It examines how the Bengalis responded to their wartime adversity by building a self-sustaining support system in captivity through a proliferation of Bengali associations, particularly through the actions of the Bengali governing body of the BWRC.

This chapter shows how the Bengalis drew upon their own meagre resources for a time and organised a rich array of assistance projects, such as free kitchens, schools, loan schemes and medical facilities, for those who needed help during the long post-wartime captivity, 1971–1974.

St. Thomas Aquinas developed his account of the instrument doctrine by carefully attending to the work of St. John Damascene, in particular Book III of his On the Orthodox Faith. The Damascene himself was drawing upon a long tradition of reflection on Christ’s humanity that reaches as far back as Origen. In this chapter, John’s account of the doctrine and its basis in Maximus the Confessor’s writings is assessed, and five synthetic propositions are brought forward to summarize the doctrine. These propositions are nearly the same as what we find in Aquinas’s mature Christology. This chapter shows that far from being unique to Aquinas’s own Christology, the instrument doctrine is a basic patristic desideratum.

To place film in the urbanization of Hyderabad, a brief history of milestones of urban transformation of the city is needed. The two important markers for urban change in Hyderabad city in the twentieth century were the Musi river floods and the work of the City Improvement Board. The Musi floods of 1908 was the beginning of Hyderabad's spatial transformation with planned development. The area to the south of the Musi was where the densely populated walled old city of Hyderabad was located. In 1908, Hyderabad city was the fourth largest city in India after Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, and had a population of more than 400,000. The Musi floods devastated the entire area and there was a huge loss of life and property. The actual loss could not be ascertained but estimates point to about 15,000 people losing their lives and 19,000 homes being destroyed. The floods called for a massive restructuring of the city. Along with the relief work, the then Nizam, Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, wanted to ensure that such a disaster would not repeat in future. Sir Mokshagundam Visweswarayya, B.A., L.C.E, M.I.C.E, C.I.E, who was the dewan of Mysore at that time, was hired to draw up a plan for the new city. Employing Visweswarayya was acceptable to both the Nizam and the British, as he was an Indian but educated in the Western system. Visweswarayya made suggestions for drafting a new city, avoiding future flooding, and constructing a drainage system.

This chapter, concerned with earliness as an aesthetic category, elicits a productive tension between Webern’s fascination for the ‘purely phenomenological’ dimensions of new-symbolist poetry and Jugendstil architecture on the one hand, and the impact Schoenberg’s ‘dialectic-material’ musical thought had on him as a student on the other – a tension that had crystallised as essentially irreconcilable in fin de siècle philosophical discourse yet in many ways formed the matrix through which much of Webern’s compositional imagination was shaped. From this perspective, it is argued that there is a need to reorient discussion of the works Webern produced under Schoenberg’s tutelage, from questions concerned with style towards a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which the new stylistic means and devices Webern encountered during his studies with Schoenberg enabled the young composer to (re)voice his concern for presence and immediacy.

The conclusion brings together the argument of expatriate social mobility with the historiography of British imperial benefits and costs, advancing the case for expatriate influences on British social structure. It links this larger account to the complexities of upward mobility abroad, underlining the tensions incurred for Edgar especially, and, with reference to Lambert and Lester’s work on ‘imperial careering’, notes the relevance of the book to the history of emotions, establishing the connection between imperial history and love. It stresses the ways in which the love story was shaped by expatriate life, with relevance to the history of heterosexuality, and to the concept of companionate marriage between the wars. The Wilsons return in England was bound up with their expatriate identity, coloured by nostalgia, but for Edgar an idealisation of domestic settlement, contrasting with Winifred’s father’s adherence to an expatriate masculinity preoccupied with global wanderlust. The succeeding generation of this mobile ‘expatriate clan’ followed their parents’ mobile habits but gradually returned to England, adopting Edgar’s model of the domestic ideal, enhanced by the prosperity and social status generated by Edgar, Winifred and William’s expatriate ventures, illustrating the power of expatriate social mobility.

The chapter provides an introduction to Systemic Functional Grammar, in the context of Systemic Functional Linguistics. It introduces the central concept of choice between language features and the use of networks to model that choice. One such choice lies between process types and this is explained as important to the concept of semantic field used in the book. Systemic Functional Grammar describes the relationship between lexis and grammar as a continuum; one challenge is to specify how the grammar and specific lexical items relate to one another. Three responses to this challenge are discussed: Hasan’s use of system networks to distinguish between the features of near-synonyms; Matthiessen’s use of Levin’s verb classes to add detail to the notion of process type, and the approach taken by the Cardiff grammar, specifically by Fawcett, Neale, and Chrispin.

The modern study of the Peloponnesian War has suffered from a double blind spot. On the one hand, the traditional study of political history based on events has shown little interest in the great development in the study of ancient Greek economic, social and cultural history. On the other hand, social, economic and cultural history has shown little interest in the study of events like the Peloponnesian War. In this chapter I want to discuss an alternative framework that can incorporate the full wealth provided by Thucydides and bridge the gap between economic, social and cultural history based on static analysis and political history based on dry narrative. The key for accomplishing this task is the concept of entanglement. The Peloponnesian War can be understood as a history of three different kinds of entanglements. The first entanglement is that between different levels: local communities, micro-regions, macro-regions and the Panhellenic world. The second entanglement concerns a series of processes put into motion by certain key factors: violence, honour, wealth and political discourse. The third entanglement concerns the variety of actors involved in the Peloponnesian War: state apparatuses, alliances, empires, potentates, factions, networks, exiles, mobile humans, the enslaved.

The androcentric tropes typical of modernist narratives distort Schoenberg’s story and the interpretation of his compositions by eliding his engagement with women and the feminine. Yet his social circle included a number of progressive women, including the educator Eugenie Schwarzwald and medical doctor Marie Pappenheim. This study considers two operas Schoenberg composed twenty years apart, each based on a libretto written by a woman and featuring a female protagonist who reflects the social situation of women in her milieu. Moreover, each opera was a vehicle for a distinctive compositional innovation, Erwartung (1909) marking the pinnacle of Schoenberg’s ‘intuitive aesthetic’ in its freely non-tonal, non-repetitive style, and Von heute auf morgan (1929) the first twelve-tone opera.

Introduction

The ‘hybrid’ modelling method can help bridge the traditional gap between top-down and bottom-up approaches for deriving low-carbon pathways. However, this involves considerable effort in building the reconciled national accounts and energy balance data. Moreover, the documentation on the required process for deriving ‘hybrid’ data has not been done yet. This chapter outlines the steps to be followed for constructing a hybrid input–output table (IOT).

The model-building capacity requires the construction of a hybrid dataset that will be further used for calibrating the model and generating future pathways. So this chapter outlines the first step of data hybridization in the modelling exercise. Accounting matrices constructed in the past were mostly aggregated in nature with hardly any energy system details.

However, this method does not take into account three factors (Figure 3.1). First is the heterogeneity in energy prices. Earlier, the databases considered one energy price for all the sectors, conveniently ignoring the fact that there are significant differences across sectors. For instance, the Indian government charges different electricity rates to households, agricultural consumers, and commercial firms. Similarly, natural gas prices vary depending on the consumer profile.

Second is the dual accounting of energy systems in monetary value and physical units. It is required to integrate the energy and technology information from technology-focused bottom-up models into the national accounts. Hybrid data involves separate matrices for energy prices, energy volumes, and economic expenses, so dual accounting is possible in energy–economy modelling.

The story of agrarian transition in southern Morang in many ways epitomises the larger crisis facing the global peasantry and its relationship with capitalism in the early decades of the twenty-first century. Capitalism is expanding into the most peripheral corners of the world, and the peasantry, particularly those at the base of the agrarian structure – who are facing rising costs and agroecological stress – are increasingly drawn into capitalist labour markets via migration and local off-farm labour. It is these articulations between the capitalist and pre-capitalist which are increasingly central to peasant livelihoods.

Recognition of this process of agrarian transition whereby capitalism and peasant farming co-exist, with the former providing substantial profits to the latter, is of course not new and, as noted at the start of this book, these phenomena are generating renewed academic interest (Shah and Lerche, 2020; Zhan and Scully, 2018; Sehgal, 2005). However, what has received far less attention is the added complexity posed by additional axes of exploitation on the farm which long predate the peasantries’ integration into capitalist labour markets. This is a gap which this book has sought to address with a focus on the additional layers of livelihood stress when the economic and cultural burdens of neoliberal capitalism intersect with the legacy and persistence of landlordism and rent-seeking merchant capital. In doing so, this book offers a more nuanced analysis of the ‘pre-capitalist’ itself and its symbiotic (rather than subordinate) relationship with capitalism.

Introduction

Transportation has changed significantly throughout the years, starting from the days of animal-drawn carts to today's modernized public transport networks. Excavations at ancient civilization sites have indicated that roadways existed as early as the twenty-fifth to thirty-fifth century BCE. During British colonial rule in India, road networks and transport services were developed for the ease of trading and administration. The advancement of transportation is closely related to the advancement of civilization. With industrialization and urbanization came the need to find new means of transporting people and products from one location to another. Fast settlement of inhabitants in cities and industrial growth drive city expansion. As people reside in areas far from their workplaces, affordable and effective transportation has become one of the necessities of city life. Mechanical energy gradually came to replace animal power. The Calcutta Tramways Company established India's first public transportation system in Calcutta (present-day Kolkata) in 1881, where horses pulled the first tramcars. Steam engines were introduced after a few years to draw tramcars. In 1931, gasoline-powered buses replaced tramcars. Since 1920, public transport by bus has been made available in all major Indian towns. Transportation promotes any country's economic, industrial, social, and cultural growth (Potluri and Tejaswi, 2018).

Transport is a critical piece of infrastructure for the development process. It contributes to a significant portion of India's energy consumption, particularly petroleum products. With economic and population expansion, consumption is anticipated to rise further; increasing industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural development is likely to increase freight and passenger transit; and greater real wages will promote leisure-related travel. Currently