The chapter connects the histories of risk, insurance, and modern government. It provides the scaffolding for examining the political implications of new risks and mounting sources of uncertainty that override established boundaries. It focuses on relatively simple risks that private markets can readily manage with straightforward commercial techniques. Past experience provides a basis for probabilistic risk assessments, setting reasonable prices for coverage, as well as for successful risk pooling and diversification. The cross-border expansion of insurance and reinsurance markets is introduced as a response to relatively straightforward risks and the scale economies available to be harnessed from their effective management.

This chapter argues that literature and art is not a body of artefacts, but a unique human action that brings artworks into being. It therefore shifts the theoretical focus from the artwork/ literary text per se to the action-process which produces it, and aims to develop a novel theory of the essence of literature and art which places the mind of the writer/artist at the centre of attention. Focusing on the mind-internal activities that bring about artistic behaviour, it suggests that art involves a distinct type of mental state/ process which I term an artistic thought state/ process (ATSP). ATSPs are psychologically real entities. They are the minimal components of the universal cognitive engineering of literature and art, resulting in one of the most successful and enduring types of human public cultural representations. The claim that ATSPs result from special evolutionary adaptations points to one of the strongest versions of cognitivism available in existing literary and art studies. ATSPs are relevance-yielding, which makes a dialogue with relevance theory integral to comprehending the cognitive engineering of literature and art. The chapter has implications for a range of disciplines, including linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, cognitive cultural studies and philosophy of action.

Commercially run grade examinations and competitive music festivals, which tested learners’ attainment, were central to the consolidation of violin culture across Britain. Chapter 3 analyzes the string exams operated by three institutions, each of which targeted different socioeconomic groups. Bringing the College of Violinists – the first exam board to offer elementary string exams and the only one to guarantee string players would be assessed by specialists– into dialog with the more often discussed ABRSM and Society of Arts, the discussion evaluates exam requirements, candidate numbers, and success rates. At root, exams were tools for motivating students and supporting and shaping learning. Regional competition festivals offered additional opportunities for more advanced pupils’ performance to be assessed (in a public hall, as opposed to a private exam room) and, along with the exam boards, they contributed to the informal standardization of core repertoire. The chapter also surveys instructional materials, some of which were responses to the exam culture, and weighs students’ experiences of learning.

Genevieve Lakier (University of Chicago Law) examines Upsolve v. James, where a district court enjoined the application of New York state’s unauthorized practice of law statutes to the Justice Advocates that the nonprofit organization, Upsolve, planned to train, to assist low-income New Yorkers file for bankruptcy. The opinion represents a clear victory for the access-to-justice movement. But it also represents a potentially significant change in how courts understand the First Amendment to apply in unauthorized-practice-of-law cases. Although the decision may be overturned on appeal, the logic of the opinion thus makes clear the promise that what critics have sometimes described as a “Lochnerized” First Amendment holds out to access-to-justice advocates, as well as some of its perils. In this chapter, Lakier explains why the decision is significant, embeds it within a broader story of doctrinal transformation, and spells out some of the benefits and costs of using a Lochner-like First Amendment to promote access to justice.

The Tusculan Disputations can be read as a complex of four projects: (1) a set of formal exercises in the schola genre; (2) a therapeutic operation directed against the emotions, and fear in particular, with an agonistic relation to Epicurean predecessors; (3) a project of edification, aiming to reinforce the reader’s commitment to virtue; and (4) an exhibition or advertisement of the powers of philosophy and its advantages to Rome. Together, these dimensions of the Tusculans explain the peculiarities of its argumentation and literary approach. It is plausibly the aspiration to advertise philosophy to Rome (4) which is most fundamental: therapy (2) and edification (3) are projects in which philosophy can usefully display its powers, and the schola form (1) is convenient for doing so. These projects are to be distinguished from that of philosophical inquiry; the Tusculans is informed more by Cicero’s patriotic pragmatism than by his scepticism.

Mumtaz Shaikh, an activist of the BMMA, conducted a range of workshops and training sessions with other working-class Muslim women in her neighbourhood. In these sessions, she spoke about the difficulties that Muslim women faced when they approached the police for redressal of grievances such as domestic violence. In her discussion of these difficulties, she invoked the rights (huq) of Muslim women in terms of the rights of a collective, communal entity. For Shaikh, rights became meaningful in these moments of collective communal mobilisation for rights.

In a similar training session, Noorjehan Safia Niaz, a founder member of the BMMA, spoke of the right to religious freedom for Muslim women. She construed the right as the freedom that allowed women to carry out the duty towards individual and collective self-improvement. The right to religious freedom was exercised through political action. Activists understood the right as the right to collectively challenge and reconstitute religious authority in spaces of adjudication of Muslim law on marriage, divorce and maintenance. This was not merely a form of individual freedom that enabled women's autonomy. Collective organising to challenge religious authority in communities was considered a pious obligation and a duty for women who wanted to construct a more just world in accordance with the principles of the Quran. In the activism of the BMMA, an ethic of duty reconstituted liberal freedoms such as the right to religious freedoms in moments of negotiation with Muslim family law and minority rights.

This chapter builds on participant observation in the workshops on the Quran and the Constitution conducted by members of the BMMA. It traces how discourses on marriage and divorce rights within the framework of Muslim Personal Law interact with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, especially the right to religious freedom and how transnational ideas of Islamic feminist ethics shape these interactions.

Belsky noted that for evolutionary-biological reasons, development may not follow a cumulative risk model. He theorized that ‘vulnerable’ children might actually be susceptible to environmental influences for better and for worse. Moreover, he argued that variation in susceptibility within the family would be evolutionarily advantageous for both parents and children. Stimulated by Belsky’s provocative thinking, and relying on randomized controlled trials that constitute the most stringent and powerful tests of the paradigm, we found meta-analytic support for (genetic) differential susceptibility. Examining the bold idea of within-family differential susceptibility, we included twins in our cohort-sequential randomized controlled trial and designed a series of experiments on mice. One of our mice studies revealed the expected crossover interaction. Heterozygous DRD4 mice who had grown up in an enriched environment licked and groomed their own offspring the most, while those who grew up in adverse circumstances showed the least licking and grooming. In humans, our experimental search for within-family differential susceptibility has not yet supported this bold conjecture. An explanation might be that the available polygenic scores for susceptibility were developed in the context of internalizing, not externalizing, problems. Susceptibility to environmental influences may be more domain specific (Belsky et al., 2022) than we originally thought.

The concluding chapter considers the challenge of reconstituting political authority at the level required to manage complex global risks over long time horizons, to mitigate the chance of systemic disasters, and to prepare for emergencies. It confronts the need to come to grips with related moral hazards in both public and private sectors. The unavoidable task now facing humanity recalls earlier historical episodes when the scale of governments had to adapt to the changing dimensions of risk facing dynamic societies. Stepping back from utopian dreams of world government, the cases covered in the book suggest the wisdom of pragmatic multi-level experimentation informed by insurance practices and metaphors. This kind of incremental innovation has long been evident in functioning confederal and federal political systems. Given the federalizing logic of insurance that has shifted the contours of markets and many polities ever outward, the narratives at the heart of this book justify hopes for limited but effective collaborative government at world scale in the foreseeable future.

At about the same time Marius defeated the Libyan kings Bocchos [I] and Jugurtha in a great engagement, and killed myriads of Libyans, and later took Jugurtha prisoner, who had been captured by Bocchos and was thus pardoned by the Romans for what had brought him into the war.1 Moreover, the Romans, at war with the Kimbrians, were stumbling greatly in Galatia and were exceedingly demoralized.2 Also, at about the same time, certain people came from Sicily and reported an uprising of slaves numbering tens of thousands. When this was announced, all of Rome found itself in a continual crisis, since about 60,000 soldiers had died in the Galatian war against the Kimbrians, and there was a lack of chosen troops to send out.

This chapter contends that colonial-era rules permeated EEC development cooperation through the European Development Fund. But more importantly, it shows that with personnel transitions from colonial to European administrations, a colonial attitude towards legal compliance was transferred within the European Commission.

Chapter 38 covers the topic of insomnia disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through from first presentation to treatment of insomnia disorder. Topics covered include diagnosis, differential diagnoses, sleep hygiene advice, non-pharmacological treatment and pharmacological treatment.