Despite Chile’s recent failed attempts at constitutional reform, Indigenous land rights are (still) governed by the much-contested Indigenous Law of 1993 (Law No. 19,253). The land restitution program foreseen in this law is extremely slow and controversial, and the establishment of Indigenous territories (by ordinary law) appears far from reality. At the same time, there are a few recognized Indigenous territories in Chile, and they are constantly faced with a high density of hydro-electric plants, extractivist activities, disproportionate forest and logging exploitation, salmon farming and a growing tourism industry. Over the years, Indigenous Peoples have reacted in different ways to dispossession and encroachment. Driven by frustration, some have assertively occupied their ancestral lands. Others have filed lawsuits and found a more equitable venue to claim their rights in the national courts. Against this background, this chapter analyzes the processes of dispossession faced by Indigenous Peoples in relation to their traditional lands in the north and south of Chile over recent decades, how they contested the titles to ownership and possession of such territories, and the outcomes of their litigation strategies. After the public rejections of constitutional reforms in 2022 and 2023, it remains uncertain how Indigenous land rights will be governed in the coming years or how they will be treated in any potential reforms to Pinochet’s Constitution of 1980. Despite the unfavorable legislative framework, this chapter argues that Indigenous strategic litigation can best advance and support land rights in Chile.

Despite a recent law recognizing and protecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, the post-independence laws of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have dispossessed, and continue to dispossess, Indigenous Peoples of their customary land rights. Collective and customary property rights are enshrined in the DRC Constitution; however, in practice there is little to no recognition or protection. This is because land statutes work in cross-cutting ways to deny Indigenous Peoples the formal legal title to their traditional lands, and without title they are vulnerable to dispossession by development or conservation. In the absence of a land tenure system establishing clear collective ownership rights, “community forests” represent an alternative strategy or pathway for Indigenous Peoples to secure their customary rights over their forests and their lands (the local communities’ forest concessions, CFCLs). Despite some successful cases of securing land tenure through the CFCLs, inaccessible legal requirements and difficult procedures make these a problematic pathway for land justice. This chapter sets out recommendations for strengthening land tenure and CFCLs.

In this chapter we continue our investigation of hierarchical structure by focusing on the structure of TP and VP, concentrating on the latter. We first look at the structure of the clause. We then turn to the evidence that the subject is generated inside the VP (the VP-internal subject hypothesis, VISH) and raises to SpecT′ in English and many other languages. This leads to further discussion and examples of raising. Finally, we further elaborate the structure of VP, introducing VP-shells, structures where one VP is embedded in another.

This chapter introduces the concept of metacognition from a cognitive perspective, where it refers to knowledge and mental processes that operate on one’s own cognition. We review different forms of metacognition that involve distinct types of explicit reasoning and automatic processes, as well as various measures and functional benefits. We articulate four conjectures regarding the nature of metacognition in the specific context of the ACT-R cognitive architecture: (1) it involves extracting information about processes in cognitive modules; (2) the information is quantitative and approximate rather than symbolic; (3) the metacognitive information is available in working memory for cognitive processing; and (4) general cognitive processes are sufficient to respond to a situation detected by metacognitive monitoring. We illustrate these principles with examples of past work involving neuro-symbolic models of perception and introspection into declarative models of decision-making. Finally, we situate this approach within the context of theories such as predictive coding and the Common Model of Cognition encompassing other cognitive architectures.

Since independence in 1966, the Republic of Botswana in southern Africa has had a long history of democratic elections. Botswana also has one of the highest populations of San peoples in the region, who have faced discrimination and marginalization for centuries. The San, who consider themselves to be Indigenous Peoples, are not accepted as such by Botswana’s government, which holds that all its citizens are Indigenous. San, who number some 60,000 in Botswana, have faced severe difficulties in getting access to land and natural resources. This chapter describes some of the processes of dispossession that San have faced. While some lands have been set aside as remote area settlements, these areas are not solely for San people. Communal land in the country is alienable, and there are no legal guarantees to land for San and other minorities. The expansion of the livestock, agriculture, tourism and mining industries have also had impacts on San people and their neighbors. San have responded to these situations by organizing non-government organizations (NGOs), lobbying for their rights nationally and internationally, and going to the High Court with legal cases, some of which have been successful. The legal cases involving the Central Kalahari San, in particular, have set international precedents – for example, to the human right to water – which have global relevance. However, the government has not honored many of the High Court judgments, leaving the San in a position where their land and resource rights are still precarious.

Inclusive health care policy aims to address persistent health disparities by ensuring equitable access to health services and integrating the social determinants of health. Chapter 9 introduces the whole being model as a framework for inclusive health care, emphasizing the interplay between an individual’s roles as a patient, consumer, and person. This model advocates for policies that align clinical needs, financial realities, and behavioral choices to reduce friction between these roles and foster holistic care. Strategies for achieving inclusivity include promoting equity-focused legislation, expanding coverage, improving access to mental health services, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. The chapter highlights successful global approaches, such as Germany’s social insurance model and Nordic universal health care systems, which align closely with the whole being model. By humanizing patients and prioritizing cultural competence, the chapter argues that inclusive health care policy is key to improving health equity and overall well-being.

This chapter focuses the entangled relationship between the beginnings of Michael Field scholarship in the 1990s and the rise of queer studies in the same period. The chapter connects Katharine Bradley and Edith Cooper’s queerness not only to their lesbian partnership but also to the incestual dimension of their relationship. The chapter then focuses on what Michael Field can teach us about queer friendships, especially through their relations with Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon, about queer marriage, domesticity, and concepts of the queer ordinary/queer normalcy.

Chapter 2 explores electronic filing (e-filing) and digital case management, highlighting their roles in enhancing efficiency, accessibility and transparency. E-filing simplifies the submission and management of legal documents, paving the way for further technological advancements like virtual courtrooms and AI-assisted legal research. The chapter addresses critical challenges such as robust identity verification and authentication, the needs of unrepresented litigants and the decision between mandatory and optional e-filing. It emphasizes the importance of integrating e-filing with case management systems to streamline judicial processes, reduce redundancy and improve resource management. By focusing on user-centric design, robust security measures and ongoing support and training, courts can effectively harness digital technologies to deliver more effective and equitable justice.

The final chapter looks at the experience of family members, mainly women, who depended on a survivor’s pension after the death of the main breadwinner. It is divided into two sections, the first presents the history of the montepio, its origins in Spain and its importance in the colonial period, as well as its transformation after independence. It charts the requirements to acquire a pension and how these were adapted from those in colonial times, while maintaining much of its original integrity as a ‘paternal’ obligation to look after women and children. The second part of the chapter analyses a series of cases to look at how Juntas tended to follow regulation but had scope to make exceptions. It also shows how with time the system became stricter and Juntas spent more time ensuring the merits of the petitions and policing whether the recipients continued to be entitled to payment. It finishes by returning to Francisca Caballero and how she was stripped of her pension because of the process that sought to reduce payments.

Metacognitive AI is closely connected to certifiable AI and trustworthy AI, the two areas focusing on equipping AI with trustworthy guarantees in high-stake domains. This chapter provides a systematic overview, tutorial, and discussion of the certified approaches in trustworthy deep learning. The chapter introduces essential terminologies, core methodologies, and representative applications of certified approaches. We believe that certified approaches, as a prerequisite for deploying AI in high-stake and safety-critical applications, would be an essential tool in metacognitive AI, and we hope that this chapter can inspire readers to further advance the field of certifiable trustworthiness for metacognitive AI.

This chapter examines the feasibility of achieving health equity, arguing that it requires addressing both access to health care and the broader social determinants of health. Health equity ensures fair opportunities for all individuals to attain their highest health potential, transcending insurance access to include resources like housing, education, and food security. Barriers such as systemic inequities, lack of insurance, and geographic and transportation constraints disproportionately impact marginalized communities, contributing to health disparities. By analyzing policies like the Affordable Care Act in the United States and universal health care systems in Sweden and Denmark, the chapter highlights the potential of integrative approaches to close equity gaps. It underscores the principle of “meeting people where they are” to tailor interventions to diverse social, cultural, and economic contexts. Strategies for bipartisan solutions and public–private partnerships are presented as pathways to sustainable, inclusive health policies that prioritize equity beyond the point of care.

“Visual psychological anthropology” is a bridging of psychological and visual anthropology. Its approach combines longitudinal person-centered ethnographic strategies with the methods of contemporary ethnographic filmmaking to cinematically represent individuals, their personal relationships, their central concerns, and the array of culturally, politically, and historically situated pressures that act on them. Based on the premise that it is through the expression of emotion, scaffolded by and contextualized within a film narrative, that participant subjectivity will emerge onscreen, VPA leans on a creative, collaborative, and iterative process throughout fieldwork, filmmaking, editing, and screening. The chapter reviews the historical roots for VPA, outlines its theory and describes its practice, as illustrated through examples from Java and Bali on topics such as mental illness, neurodiversity, trauma, stigma, mourning, and gender. The authors advocate for the relevance of psychological anthropology insights to the craft of visual anthropology and the utility of film, as a mode of research inquiry and as a translational ethnographic product, for psychological anthropologists.