Chapter 2 introduces the main theoretical framework as well as the core concepts supporting the empirical analyses. It starts by outlining our response to the four weaknesses of the nationalism literature, followed by a depiction of the causal scheme that constitutes the analytical core of the book. The chapter also discusses key causal mechanisms supporting this framework before turning to alternative explanations and extensions to the scheme.

Evolutionary theory and especially evolutionary psychology have been recruited to explain and justify women’s constrained social roles and the restrictions historically placed upon them in mass societies. This chapter, on scientific grounds, challenges three myths allegedly emerging from empirical research: the myth of female intellectual inferiority, the myth of female domesticity, and the myth of female natural monogamy. While there are anatomical, physiological, and psychological differences between men and women, reflecting their different reproductive strategies, the overuse of the principle of comparative advantage has resulted in the subjection and exploitation of women in nearly all known societies.

The Euler–Lagrange equations for causal variational principles are derived, and their general structure is discussed.

The chapter demonstrates how religious freedom and robust pluralism can be catalysts for social healing – benefiting individuals and communities, building social capital, and encouraging solidarity. The chapter concludes with four case studies of bridging religious divides to achieve positive change, address injustice, reach compromise, and overcome adversity.

This chapter reflects on how international organizations may affect the legal position of non-members – and the international legal system more generally – by imposing or exporting norms. It considers the aspiration latent in universal international organizations to bend the outside world to their will, looking at examples from the practice of the UN Security Council and the International Criminal Court. It then turns to the practice of the OECD and the EU to examine some of the ways in which regional international organizations may export norms to non-members through international cooperation and unilateral action, and some of the normative concerns that this form of engagement raises.

This chapter focuses on how to create Big Datasets by thinking like a data scientist. It begins by discussing examples of impactful open access datasets. It then teaches the reader the basics of data scraping to allow them to create their own datasets, including an introduction to client-side web coding. The chapter concludes with discussion on the ethical questions around data scraping, and current practices in Open Science to make your datasets publicly available.

A functional analytic method is developed, which gives rise to a canonical decomposition of the Dirac solution space into two subspaces, even in a time-dependent situation.

Following the abandonment of the gold standard in 1931, the Bank of England searched for a policies that would stabilize the international financial system. Its officials turned to the empire as a potential solution to pervasive economic problems. Over the course of the 1930s, they sought to create new independent central banks that promoted intra-imperial trade and the use of sterling as a reserve currency. Neither upholding a particular set of “gentlemanly values” nor seeking to exert complete imperial dominance, the Bank envisioned a network of Empire Central Banks would appease rising nationalism and facilitated imperial monetary cooperation. It worked with foreign governments and economists who provided additional legitimacy to these reforms. With the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and the Bank of Canada, the Bank was able to secure British financial interests abroad amidst the fracturing of the global economy.