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The objective of this edited volume is to explore the role that digitisation and new technologies play in the law and practice relating to international investment. The traditional view of international investment law, focusing on physical movement of investors and greenfield establishment, is currently confronted by the increasing diffusion and varying use of technological advances around the world. Digital assets and digital services, inherently, pose challenges to conventional conceptions of territorial nexus in investment protection. Utilization of algorithms and artificial intelligence in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) is also not free of controversy when it comes to ensuring fair (and reasoned) outcomes and due process. Moreover, cybersecurity-related concerns exacerbate geopolitical fragmentation and affect negatively investment flows, both at the inward and outward level. The contributors of this edited volume masterfully examine these and other related key issues and critically reflect on how digitalisation and new technologies reshape the foundations of international investment law.
This innovative textbook has been designed with approachability and engagement at its forefront, using language reminiscent of a live lecture and interspersing the main text with useful advice and expansions. Striking a balance between theoretical- and experimental-led approaches, this book immediately immerses the reader in charge and neutral currents, which are at the core of the Standard Model, before presenting the gauge field, allowing the introduction of Feynman diagram calculations at an early stage. This novel and effective approach gives readers a head start in understanding the Model's predictions, stoking interest early on. With in-chapter problem sessions which help readers to build their mastery of the subject, clarifying notes on equations, end of chapter exercises to consolidate learning, and marginal comments to guide readers through the complexities of the Standard Model, this is the ideal book for graduate students studying high energy physics.
Applications of cryptography are plenty in everyday life. This guidebook is about the security analysis or 'cryptanalysis' of the basic building blocks on which these applications rely. Rather than covering a variety of techniques at an introductory level, this book provides a comprehensive and in-depth treatment of linear cryptanalysis. The subject is introduced from a mathematical point of view, providing an overview of the most influential papers on linear cryptanalysis and placing them in a consistent framework based on linear algebra. A large number of examples and exercises are included, drawing upon practice as well as theory. The book is accessible to students with no prior knowledge of cryptography. It covers linear cryptanalysis starting from the basics, including linear approximations and trails, correlation matrices, automatic search, key-recovery techniques, up to advanced topics, such as multiple and multidimensional linear cryptanalysis, zero-correlation approximations, and the geometric approach.
This book tells the story of mass Incarceration in America through the writers who experienced it first-hand. It begins at mid-century with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, whose insights about racism and the criminal justice system warned of what was to come. It takes off in the 1960s and 1970s with revolutionary writers like George Jackson, Assata Shakur, and Mumia Abu-Jamal, seeking liberation not just from prison but the oppressive structure of society that sustains it. It evolves in the post-revolutionary era with witnesses like Wilbert Rideau, Jack Henry Abbott, and Jimmy Santiago Baca, seeking self-determination and justice from these increasingly cavernous prison warehouses. And it ends with the stories of survivors like Shaka Senghor, Jarvis Masters, and Susan Burton in the 21st century seeking healing from the psychological trauma that led to prison as well as the trauma of prison.
This essential primary-source reader brings together documents collected over decades of research into security agency tradecraft and Chinese Cold War-era human intelligence. Michael Schoenhals' expert translation of the texts teases out meanings from memoranda, decodes marginal notes from senior officers, and unpacks the hastily scribbled communications of covert human sources. Together, these sources trace the resilience of covert human intelligence as an institution, even when faced with revelations of major misconduct and calls for its reform. With editorial introductions providing valuable context, this collection offers an informed interpretation of the domestic recruitment and running of agents that sheds critical new light on Chinese security agencies' intelligence gathering operations and capacity building during the Cold War.
Drawing on an array of literary, penological, archival, and visual sources, this study explores the abundance of prison scenes in the eighteenth-century British novel. Revealing the four distinct prison cultures of the period, it illuminates how the narrative and ideological meanings of these institutions have been distorted by our long-held fascination with the criminal penitentiaries of the nineteenth century. Ranging from the early Accounts of the Ordinary of Newgate to the prison sackings of the Gordon Riots of 1780, what emerges are not narratives of interiority and autonomous individuation, but something like the opposite of this: tales that stress the interdependence and sociality of eighteenth-century selfhood. Contextualising the carceral scenes of writers like Defoe, Haywood, Sterne, Smollett, and the Fieldings, Prison and the Novel invites us to rethink familiar accounts of the novel as a form, and of what it means to spend time inside.
Revised and updated throughout, the second edition of this succinct textbook provides the perfect introduction to biomaterials, linking the fundamental properties of metals, polymers, ceramics and natural biomaterials to the unique advantages and limitations surrounding their biomedical applications. New chapters on protein chemistry and interactions, immunology and tissue response, and biocompatibility round out student understanding. Clinical concerns such as sterilization, surface modification, cell-biomaterial interactions, drug delivery systems and tissue engineering are discussed, giving students insight into real-world challenges associated with biomaterials engineering. Key concepts are summarized alongside the text, allowing students to identify the most vital information. The final chapter discusses clinical applications, challenging students to consider future industrial possibilities. Concise enough to be taught in one semester, requiring only a basic understanding of biology, accompanied by over 180 end-of-chapter problems, and featuring color figures throughout, this accessible textbook continues to be ideal for students of engineering, materials science and medicine.
This leading textbook introduces students and practitioners to the identification and analysis of animal remains at archaeology sites. The authors use global examples from the Pleistocene era into the present to explain how zooarchaeology allows us to form insights about relationships among people and their natural and social environments, especially site-formation processes, economic strategies, domestication, and paleoenvironments. This new edition reflects the significant technological developments in zooarchaeology that have occurred in the past two decades, notably ancient DNA, proteomics, and isotope geochemistry. Substantially revised to reflect these trends, the volume also highlights novel applications, current issues in the field, the growth of international zooarchaeology, and the increased role of interdisciplinary collaborations. In view of the growing importance of legacy collections, voucher specimens, and access to research materials, it also includes a substantially revised chapter that addresses management of zooarchaeological collections and curation of data.
Traces of the Distant Human Past offers a critical examination of early human behavior by challenging traditional narratives and pushing for a more scientific, theoretically informed approach to archaeology. Emphasizing the importance of understanding early humans within their environmental context, the contributors to this volume propose a shift towards theoretical frameworks and ecological perspectives in archaeological research. They highlight the scarcity of well-preserved archaeological sites, making a strong case for high-resolution analyses and the need for new methodologies, including the use of artificial intelligence in taphonomy. By questioning the scientific rigor of current practices and advocating for hypothesis-driven research, this volume not only informs but also inspires a reevaluation of the approaches that can be applied to an interpretation of the evidence for human evolution in the archaeological record. It will be an essential resource for those interested in advancing the field and gaining a deeper understanding of human origins.
In Saints As Divine Evidence, Robert MacSwain explores 'the hagiological argument' for God, that is, human holiness as evidence for the divine being. Providing an overview of the contested place of evidence in religious belief, and a case study of someone whose short but compelling life allegedly bore witness to the reality of God, MacSwain surveys sainthood as understood in philosophy of religion, ethics, Christian theology, church history, comparative religion, and cultural studies. With epistemological and hagiological frameworks established, he then further identifies and analyzes three distinct forms of the argument, which he calls the propositional, the perceptual, and the performative. Each version understands both evidence and sainthood differently, and the relevant concepts include exemplarity, inference, altruism, perception, religious experience, performativity, narrative, witness, and embodiment. MacSwain's study expands the standard list of theistic arguments and moves the discussion from purely logical and empirical considerations to include spiritual, ethical, and personal issues as well.
Intellectual conflict between Early Christians and pagans was not uncommon during the first centuries of the Christian era, as is amply reflected in writings from this period. In this study, Brad Boswell deepens our understanding of the nature and aims of such conflict through a study of two key texts: Against the Galileans, by Roman Emperor Julian 'the Apostate,' and Against Julian, by bishop Cyril of Alexandria written nearly a century later. Drawing from Alasdair MacIntyre's philosophy of conflict between traditions, he explores how both texts were an exercise in 'narrative conflict' whose aim was to demonstrate the superior explanatory power of their respective traditions' narrative. Acknowledging the shared cultural formation between a pagan like Julian and a Christian like Cyril, Boswell challenges interpretive models emphasizing the points of commonality between the traditions. He offers a fresh approach to Julian's anti-Christian writings, provides the foundational analysis of Cyril's little-studied treatise, and invites reconsideration of the emerging Christian tradition within its intellectual contexts.
The rise and establishment of Safavid rule in Iran is a clear and momentous event in the wider history of the Middle East and Islamic world. In this study, Hani Khafipour explores how loyalty, social cohesion, and power dynamics found in Sufi thought underpinned the Safavid community's sources of social power and determination. Once in power, the Safavid state's patronage of art, literature, and architecture, turned Iran into a flourishing empire of culture, influencing neighboring empires including the Ottomans and Mughals. Examining the origin and evolution of the Safavid order, Mantle of the Sufi Kings offers fresh insights into how religious and sociopolitical forces merged to create a powerful Shi'i empire, with Iran remaining the only Shi'i nation in the world today. This study provides a bold new interpretation of Iran's early modern history, with important implications for the contemporary religio-political discourse in the Middle East.
This book provides a thought-provoking critical analysis of the functionality of regional trade regimes in the Global South. It examines four regional trade agreements (RTAs) - the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Free Trade Agreement (USMCA). Ngangjoh Hodu and Ajibo argue that while there has been immense enthusiasm amongst countries in the Global South to create RTAs, this has not translated into concerted efforts to make the RTAs work as envisaged, resulting in RTAs that are largely lacking in concreteness. In this innovative work, the authors invite international economic lawyers and other stakeholders to reflect on how normative beliefs and interests inform inter-state relations and thereby, the law of regional economic community. In so doing, it argues that the idea of prosperity underpinning RTAs as they currently exist is more of a mirage than reality.
The Revival in Irish Literature and Culture offers a wide variety of new work on the Revival and the ideals, attitudes and perspectives that animate it, from the late-nineteenth century to the present day. The contributors to the volume, each in their own fashion, explore the social, political and cultural expressions of revivalism in literature but also in film, music, dance, commemorations, museum exhibits, social movements, and political activism. The volume offers new perspectives on established figures and ideas as well as new research on forgotten or under-represented revivalists, particularly women, whose cultural and political activities were instrumental in forming the foundations of the Revival and whose ongoing involvement shapes revivalism in new social and cultural contexts. One of the most important thematic strands linking the chapters is the function of time-our understanding of the historical “sense of the past” but also the efficacy of new temporal frameworks.
There are many different types of decisions – from the important and life-changing to the mundane and everyday – but all are important for our functioning as humans. This book offers an accessible guide to the complex process of human decision-making, tailored for both undergraduate and graduate students. It combines recent research with real-life examples to provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying biology of decision-making, its relationship to cognitive abilities such as working memory, executive function and attention, and its intersection with development. The book also explores applications and theories of decision-making, giving readers a broader perspective on the field. Presented in an accessible format with in-depth explanations, the work provides everything needed to build a strong basis of understanding of the underlying biology to the more complex topics of how decision-making develops and impacts on other behaviours. Discussion points are included throughout to encourage deeper reflection on the content covered.
Contemporary India provides a giant and complex panorama that deserves to be understood. Through in-depth analysis of democracy, economic growth and distribution, caste, labour, gender, and foreign policy, Atul Kohli and Kanta Murali provide a framework for understanding recent political and economic developments. They make three key arguments. Firstly, that India's well-established democracy is currently under considerable strain. Secondly, that the roots of this decline can be attributed to the growing inequalities accompanying growth since the 1990s. Growing inequalities led to the decline of the Congress party and the rise of the BJP under Narendra Modi. In turn, the BJP and its Hindu-nationalist affiliates have used state power to undermine democracy and to target Indian Muslims. Finally, they highlight how various social groups reacted to macro-level changes, although the results of their activism have not always been substantial. Essential reading for anyone wishing to understand democracy in India today.
Knowledge-infused learning directly confronts the opacity of current 'black-box' AI models by combining data-driven machine learning techniques with the structured insights of symbolic AI. This guidebook introduces the pioneering techniques of neurosymbolic AI, which blends statistical models with symbolic knowledge to make AI safer and user-explainable. This is critical in high-stakes AI applications in healthcare, law, finance, and crisis management. The book brings readers up to speed on advancements in statistical AI, including transformer models such as BERT and GPT, and provides a comprehensive overview of weakly supervised, distantly supervised, and unsupervised learning methods alongside their knowledge-enhanced variants. Other topics include active learning, zero-shot learning, and model fusion. Beyond theory, the book presents practical considerations and applications of neurosymbolic AI in conversational systems, mental health, crisis management systems, and social and behavioral sciences, making it a pragmatic reference for AI system designers in academia and industry.
Since the pandemic, many have been reflecting on their path, direction, and identity, all tied to a deeper question: What is one's purpose in life? Research reveals that understanding this purpose can significantly impact well-being, health, and personal development. This volume offers fresh insights by bringing together scholars from various fields to explore purpose from different angles. Each contributor delves into what purpose means and why individuals with a clear sense of it often enjoy better health, financial stability, and cognitive well-being. While this book won't define your life's purpose, it offers rich material to guide your personal journey.
Ralph Waldo Emerson developed a metaphysics of process, an epistemology of moods, and an 'exist'ntialist' ethics of self-improvement, drawing on sources including Neoplatonism, Kantianism, Hinduism, and the skepticism of Montaigne. In this book, Russell Goodman demonstrates how Emerson's essays embody oppositions - one and many, fixed and flowing, nominalism and realism - and argues, in tracing Emerson's main positions, that we miss the living nature of his philosophy unless we take account of the motions and patterns of his essays and the ways in which instability, spontaneity and inconsistency are dramatized within them. Goodman presents Emerson as a philosopher in conversation with Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, William James, Wittgenstein, and Cavell. He finds a variety of skepticisms in Emerson's work - about friendship, language, freedom, and the world's existence - but also an acknowledgement of skepticism as a 'wise' form of life.
Waging Peace dispels lingering myths of the frequently disregarded Vietnam antiwar movement as dominated by a subversive collection of political radicals and countercultural rebels. This comprehensive history defines a broad movement built around a core of liberal and mainstream activists who challenged what they saw as a misguided and immoral national policy. Facing ongoing resistance from the government and its prowar supporters, demonstrators upheld First Amendment rights and effectively countered official rationales for the war. These dissenting patriots frequently appealed to traditional American principles and overwhelmingly used the tools of democracy within conventional boundaries to align the nation's practice with its most righteous vision. This work covers not only the activists and organizations whose coalitions sponsored mass demonstrations and their often-symbiotic allies within the government, but also encompasses international, military, and cultural dissent. Achieving positive if limited impact, the movement was ultimately neither victorious nor defeated.