Accurate dietary assessment is crucial for effective public health strategies, yet there are challenges with current methods(1). The ‘Standardised and Objective Dietary Intake Assessment Tool’ (SODIAT)-1 study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a combination of emerging objective and self-report measures to more accurately monitor dietary intake(2). For this study, eNutri, a web-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from the University of Reading, was adapted to assess intake over four days instead of its usual four weeks(3). This analysis aimed to evaluate dietary intakes recorded by eNutri against the known intakes of two 4-day highly-controlled diets and evaluate eNutri’s usability.

This randomised controlled crossover trial recruited 33 UK adults (aged 18-70 years, BMI 20-30kg/m2). Within the clinical units at the University of Reading and Hammersmith Hospital, participants consumed two 4-day controlled diets (non-compliant/compliant with UK guidelines, Diet A/B, respectively) in a randomly-allocated order, with at least one- week washout between diets. Dietary intake was self-reported using eNutri at the end of day 4, for each test period. After first use of eNutri, participants completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) (higher scores represent greater usability, with scores >70 classified as “acceptable” (4)), and rated the overall user-friendliness on a scale from “1: worst imaginable” to “7: best imaginable”. Mean daily nutrient compositions of the test diets were calculated directly from food labels. Since test diets were identical for all participants, the calculated nutrient intakes for Diets A/B with those determined by eNutri were compared using a one sample t-test. Nutrients analysed were: energy (kcal/d), carbohydrate (g/d), fibre (g/d), total and free sugars (g/d), fat (g/d), saturated fat (SFA; g/d), protein (g/d) and sodium (mg/d).

Of 33 participants recruited, 30 completed at least one 4-day eNutri (57% female, mean age (SD)=42(16) years, mean (SD) BMI=24.2(2.7) kg/m2). eNutri reported 10.9% lower free sugars and 13.3% lower SFA than Diet A (p<0.05). eNutri estimated 25.3-62.6% higher SFA, protein and sodium compared to Diet B (p<0.05). No significant differences for energy or other macronutrients were detected for either diet. The mean (SD) SUS score for eNutri was “acceptable” at 73.3 (12.1) and 77% rated the user-friendliness as “good” to “best imaginable”.

eNutri provided promising dietary intake estimates over 4-days, where energy, carbohydrate, total sugars, fibre, and fat closely aligned with test diets, particularly for the diet non-compliant with UK guidelines (Diet A). Notable discrepancies were observed for SFA in both diets, especially for the compliant diet (Diet B). Usability was acceptable, with most participants finding eNutri user-friendly. Further analysis will explore diet order effects and adjust for food leftovers.

The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes highlights the need for effective dietary strategies to manage postprandial glycaemia (1). Plant-based compounds such as plant proteins and polyphenol-rich berries are gaining increasing attention for their potential to modulate glucose metabolism. Blueberries, rich in anthocyanins, have been shown to reduce postprandial glucose spikes by delaying starch digestion. This effect is largely attributed to their ability to inhibit carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and glucose transporters (2). It is hypothesised that the presence of undigested starch in the lower gastrointestinal tract can stimulate the secretion of gut hormones thereby promoting satiety and regulating glucose homeostasis (2). Pea protein, on the other hand, has independently been shown to reduce postprandial glucose levels, modulate insulin response, and stimulate gut hormone release (3). A targeted combination of both, protein and anthocyanin-rich blueberries could therefore provide a more efficient intervention.

In a randomised, controlled, double blinded crossover study, 10 healthy participants consumed one of four test beverages accompanied by 50 g of available carbohydrate from white bread: flavoured water (CHO), blueberries (BB), pea protein (PP), and a combination of pea protein and blueberries (BBPP). Postprandial responses were assessed over 180 minutes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for glucose levels and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ratings for satiety, both recorded at 30-minute intervals.

The effect of the interventions on peak postprandial glucose responses and satiety levels were evaluated using a two-factor repeated measures ANOVA. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism with a statistical difference of p < 0.05 considered as significant.

All test drinks resulted in lower postprandial glucose levels compared to the control (CHO), with the greatest reduction observed in the BBPP group. Peak glucose levels were significantly lower in the BBPP group (0.9 mmol/L, p<0.05) compared to CHO (1.5 mmol/L), BB (1.3 mmol/L), and PP (1.1 mmol/L). Additionally, the BBPP group exhibited the lowest incremental area under the curve (iAUC = 88.58 mmol·min/L, p < 0.05), while the other groups had similar iAUC values around 130 mmol·min/L. Both the PP and BBPP groups showed delayed times to peak glucose (Tmax = 90 min) compared to the CHO and BB groups (Tmax = 75 min), indicating a slower and more gradual glucose response. In terms of satiety, both the PP and BBPP interventions significantly increased subjective satiety ratings (80–90%) compared to the CHO and BB groups (50–60%) 60min post meal, although the difference between BBPP and PP was not statistically significant.

Combining Pea protein with blueberry polyphenols synergistic benefits in reducing postprandial glucose excursions. These findings provide promising evidence to support the development of functional foods aimed at improving glucose management and metabolic health.

Foodservice provision is a key contributor to both dietary intake and food waste production(1). The development of ‘root-to-tip’ recipes in foodservice that incorporate more of the plant (i.e. peels and stalks) is being explored to reduce the climate impact of food waste(1) and improve suboptimal population intakes of fruits and vegetables, which provide useful sources of dietary fibre associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality(2). However, given low peels and stalks consumption in the UK(3), the extent to which ‘root-to-tip’ dishes may just shift food waste along the supply chain by increasing plate waste is unknown. The aim of this study is to understand the acceptability of ‘root-to-tip’ dining by exploring consumer attitudes towards food waste and perceived barriers and enablers to eating peels and stalks.

In-person focus groups were conducted at a UK university with current students and employees. Convenience sampling was used to recruit between five to eight participants across six focus groups. A semi-structured topic guide with open-ended questions was developed to facilitate discussion. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and an inductive thematic analysis undertaken. The research protocol was approved by the King’s College London Research Ethics Committee (Ref: MRA-24/25-46016; LRS/DP- 24/25-46017)

Six focus group discussions were conducted with forty participants (November 2024 to January 2025), primarily aged 18-25 years (53%) and female (75%). Six preliminary themes were identified: 1) food waste as a structural issue; 2) personal food waste awareness and the intention-behaviour gap; 3) the role of social modelling in ‘root-to-tip’ behaviours; 4) safety and edibility concerns around peels and stalks; 5) knowledge as a facilitator for ‘root-to-tip’ adoption; and 6) the importance of sensory appeal. These themes illustrate consumers’ perception of food waste as primarily occurring up the supply chain prior to the preparation stage, with structural barriers to its reduction. Participants perceive a growing societal and personal consciousness of food waste and desire to reduce its associated negative consequences. However, results highlight social and personal barriers, such as cost and convenience, which may contribute to an intention-behaviour gap. These barriers were referenced regarding the use of peels and stalks specifically, with upbringing, social modelling and food habits described as factors influencing consumption. Improving awareness of the safety and edibility of peels and stalks and practical knowledge related to their use may facilitate adoption of ‘root-to-tip’ behaviours. Anticipation of an unappealing sensory experience was described as a deterrent for consuming ‘root-to-tip’ dishes. Therefore, ensuring ‘root-to-tip’ dishes have sensory appeal is important to increase acceptability and prevent plate waste.

Our findings contribute to the understanding of attitudes towards food waste reduction practices at the preparation stage, in particular the use of peels and stalks, and highlight a need for increased knowledge to facilitate behaviour adoption.

Cannabidiol (CBD), a widely available nutritional supplement, has low oral bioavailability due to its lipophilicity and extensive first-pass metabolism (1), which can be improved by consuming CBD with food (2,3). Current recommendations to maximise bioavailability are to consume CBD with a high fat, high calorie meal, but it remains unclear whether fat or total energy content influences bioavailability (4). Given the potential health implications of regularly consuming high-fat meals (5), this study examined the effect of isoenergetic high- fat and high-carbohydrate meals on CBD bioavailability.

Ten healthy adults (4 females, 27 ± 5 y; 73.17 ± 15.97 kg; body mass index 24.53 ± 2.75 kg/m2) completed a screening visit and two experimental trials consuming, in randomised order, a high-fat (HiFAT; 800 kcal, 70% fat; 15% carbohydrate; 15% protein) or high- carbohydrate (HiCARB; 800 kcal, 15% fat; 70% carbohydrate; 15% protein) meal 30 minutes before ingesting 60 mg CBD isolate in 1 mL hemp oil. Venous blood samples were collected before, and for 7 hours after CBD ingestion (-0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7 h), with a standard lunch meal (800 kcal) provided after the 4 h sample. Blood samples were analysed for concentrations of CBD and metabolites (6-OH-CBD, 7-OH-CBD and 7- COOH-CBD), glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, AST, ALT and ALP, with area under the max) calculated. Visual analogue scales responses (appetite, nausea, headache, and gastrointestinal discomfort) were measured hourly using 100-mm scales.

Plasma CBD and metabolite concentrations increased after ingestion, with a time by trial interaction effect for plasma CBD concentration, and a greater total AUC for CBD in HiFAT (7595 ± 378 ng/ml·7.5 h vs 4780 ± 3171 378 ng/ml·7.5 h; P=0.002), although Cmax (HiFAT 67 ± 45 ng/mL; HiCARB 47 ± 35 ng/mL; P=0.070) and Tmax (P=0.068) were not different between trials. For the CBD metabolites, there were no differences for total AUC, Cmax or Tmax. Plasma glucose was greater in HiCARB vs HiFAT at 0 h (P=0.032) and greater in HiFAT vs HiCARB at 3, 4, 5 and 7 h (P≤0.040), with no further trial by time interaction effects for blood-based or subjective outcomes.

This study provides novel data supporting that a prior high-fat meal enhances CBD bioavailability more than an energy matched high-carbohydrate meal. Therefore, timing CBD ingestion after high-fat meals may be an advantageous strategy to maximise the efficacy of CBD supplementation. Future studies should seek to explore the dose- response relationship between meal fat content and CBD bioavailability to understand minimum meal fat content required to maximise bioavailability.

Vitamins are essential micronutrients for health (1). Recently, vitamins have gained recognition as potential modulators of the gut microbiota (2). However, the direct effects of individual vitamins on gut microbiota metabolic activity, including short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of water-soluble (B-group and C), and fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) vitamins on the fermentation capacity of mixed fibres (MF) in an in vitro batch culture model.

Faecal samples from 12 healthy adults (female, n=7; mean ± SD, age 36 ± 7 years; BMI 25.5 ± 3.51 kg/m2) were used to inoculate individual batch cultures simulating colonic conditions (pH 7, 37°C, anaerobic). For each donor, separate batch culture fermentations were performed for each vitamin individually (A, D, E, K, C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) as well as selected combinations: B1 – B7, B9+B12, an antioxidant mixture (A, B2, C, E), water-soluble vitamins, lipid-soluble vitamins and all vitamins combined. All fermentations were performed in the presence of a MF mixture (apple pectin, inulin (orafti), alpha cellulose, and high resistant maize starch (hi-maize), 200 mg each) and lasted for 24 h.

Vitamins were added at 200% of the Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI). SCFA were analysed using gas chromatography. Paired T-tests were performed to assess the effect of each individual vitamin or vitamin mixture on SCFA compared to MF alone (control). This study gained ethical approval by the University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS) Ethics Committee (Ref: 200240004).

Butyrate production significantly increased with vitamin C in the presence of MF (9.27 ± 2.02 µmol/ml; p < 0.001) compared to the control (MF alone, 6.59 ±1.61 µmol/ml). Similar increases in butyrate were observed with the antioxidant mixture, water-soluble vitamins and all vitamins combined (9.16 ± 2.36, 8.88 ± 2.23, 10.02 ± 2.19 µmol/ml, respectively; all p < 0.001). These treatments also led to modest reductions in acetate levels (22.12 ± 3.49 µmol/ml, p = 0.004, 21.46 ± 4.07 µmol/ml, p = 0.014, and 22.15 ± 4.04 µmol/ml, p = 0.028, respectively) compared to the control (23.77 ± 3.32 µmol/ml). Total SCFA concentrations remained unchanged across all vitamin treatments.

These preliminary findings suggest that vitamin C alone or as part of other vitamin mixtures may selectively enhance butyrate production. This effect may be mediated through a reduction in redox potential, creating a more favourable environment for butyrate- producing bacteria. These results need to be confirmed in vivo, and further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms of vitamin-microbiota interactions.

Malnutrition is a common but underrecognized clinical problem associated with sarcopenia, frailty, fragility fractures, and multiple long-term conditions (1). Malnutrition increases treatment costs, hospital stays, and secondary care recovery. Current methods of identifying malnutrition rely on direct measures of weight loss and BMI which are often less used and so malnutrition is often missed (2).

As the first step in developing a digital application the EAMIT (East Anglian Malnutrition Identification Tool) for identifying malnutrition, using factors recorded in routine clinical healthcare data, including combinations of demographic factors, health care data (e.g. medications) and clinical biochemistry (e.g. CRP), we examined the data for these factors in the CPRD (2).

Individuals screened with the MUST tool (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool), older than 65 years, and a matched set of people according to age, sex and GP practice were identified within the CPRD Aurum datalink (Feasbility Study reference FS_002595).

Four groups were examined for demographic, health care and clinical biochemistry variables according to MUST screening category result: 1) low risk of malnutrition, 2) medium risk 3) high risk (MUST_H), 4) matched unscreened individuals (MUST_0), and either medians (IQR) or percentage of individuals per group were calculated.

The percentage of people over 85Y was 47% in in the MUST_H group, versus 43% in MUST_0. Median, IQR BMI ranged from MUST_0 26.3 kg/m2 (23.1-29.8) to 18.3 kg/m2 (16.7-20.9) in MUST_H. Median weight loss was -5.9% in MUST_H compared with 0.1% in MUST_ 0. As expected, 50% of people in MUST_H had a BMI <18.5 kg/m2 compared with 1% in MUST_0, though the percentage of missing values for BMI was 72%-80% in MUST categories, and 50% in MUST_0. The median number of GP visits (year before screening) was 12 (IQR 6-20) per year in MUST_H compared with 8 (IQR 4-16) in MUST_0. Number of people prescribed 5+ medications was 25% higher in MUST_H than MUST_0.

Clinical biochemistry data differed by group. The percentage with low albumin (<35g/L) was 6.5% in MUST_0 compared with 22.8% in MUST_H, iron deficiency as low Hb [<120g g/l (women); <130g/l (men)] ranged from 18% in MUST_0 to 36% in MUST_H. CRP, median IQR, was higher in MUST_H (7; 3-25) compared with MUST_0 (5;2-10).

Gradients were found across categories of MUST, and between matched individuals, of greater age, lower BMI, greater percentage of weight loss, lower concentrations of haemoglobin and albumin and higher concentrations of CRP. The number of medications and visits to GPs increased according to category of MUST screening. The proportion of missing BMI data indicates the need to develop a new tool but sufficient demographic, health care and clinical biochemistry data exists within the CPRD database to continue developing an algorithm for identifying risk of malnutrition in the community.

Kuwait has one of the highest rates of diabetes and obesity (1). Retinol plays a crucial role in metabolic regulations of lipids and glucose, and in mitochondrial bioenergetics (1-3). We hypothesized that retinol supplementation would prevent obesity and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We investigated the effect of retinol supplementation on weight changes and glucose homeostasis.

Mice (C57; male and female) were supplemented either for 4 weeks (HFD-R4) or 8 weeks (HFD-R8), while being fed HFD for 8 weeks. Two control groups were given either an HFD or a low-fat diet (LFD). At the end of the trial, animals were weighed, and blood and tissues were collected for various biomarkers and proteomic analysis. Data are expressed as mean (SD) of 5 replicates in each group. Group comparisons were performed with ANOVA with significance level at p<0.05.

No effect of retinol on body weight was seen in female mice. In male mice, the HFD-R8 group gained significantly less weight. Mean body weights were 29.6g, 41.3g, 41.2g, and 32.8g for control-LFD, Control-HFD, HFD-R4 and HFD-R8 groups, respectively. HFD-R8 grouphad better glucose control, and significantly lower levels of plasma leptin and insulin compared to all other groups. Proteomic analyses of liver samples revealed upregulation of 169 proteins in the HFD-R8 group (abundance ratio of ≥2) and downregulation of 143 proteins (abundance ratio of ≤0.5). Several of the upregulated proteins are involved in energy metabolism including glycogen phosphorylase, fatty acid-binding protein, complex I assembly factor TIMMDC1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 3, cytochrome b, pyruvate carrier 2, very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2, NADH- ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase, beta-enolase, glycerate kinase, Acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase, retinol dehydrogenase ADH4 and electron transfer flavoprotein regulatory factor 1. Notable down-regulated proteins included phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta, acyl-CoA desaturase 3, cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX16 homolog, hexokinase-1, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2, and acylcarnitine hydrolase.

These findings indicate that retinol modulates weight gain and glucose homeostasis by regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. This study highlights the potential of retinol supplementation in obesity prevention and warrants further studies in humans.

Bridging the gap between healthspan and lifespan requires targeted dietary strategies that modulate inflammation, a key driver of age-related decline(1). The gut microbiome plays a central role in this process, influencing immune function and metabolic health(2). We investigated the impact of a six-week dietary intervention with prebiotics, omega-3, and synbiotics (fermented kefir + prebiotic fibre mix) on systemic inflammation, aiming to uncover mechanisms that may support healthy ageing through diet-microbiome-immune interactions.

Proteomic profiling using the Olink 96 inflammation target panel was performed on fasting serum samples collected at baseline and follow-up of a 6-week intervention with a highly fermented kefir plus a prebiotic fibre mix (n=20) (170ml of kefir combined with 10g of prebiotic fibre mix), 500 mg of omega-3/day, 20g inulin/day or nothing. Changes from baseline and differences in change compared to the control group were analysed using standard parametric methods. Cohen’s delta was computed as a measure of effect size. An FDR p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

All three interventions resulted in significant drops in systemic inflammation markers compared to controls.TNF-α decreased by Δ -0.303 (SD 0.718); Cohen’s d -0.618 in the omega-3 arm and by Δ -0.402 [SD 0.449]; Cohen’s d -1.012 in the inulin arm, while IFN-γ Δ -0.597 [SD 0.428]; Cohen’s d=-0.940 and IL-6 Δ -0.479 [SD 0.338]; Cohen’s d=-0.882 decreased in the synbiotic arm. The strongest drops were observed in other markers, notably SIRT2 (Δ -0.636 [SD 0.482] d=-1.505 p<0.0001), 4EBP1 (Δ -0.875 [SD 0.634]; d=- 1.384 p=0.0004), CCL23 (Δ -0.812 [SD 0.919]; d=-1.356 p=0.0002) following synbiotic supplementation, along with changes in two mucosal cytokines (CCL25 Δ -0.566 [SD 0.659]; d=-1.137 p=0.001) and CCL28 (Δ -0.477 [SD 0.591]; d=-1.006 p=0.003). We also saw significant increases in short-chain fatty acids, specifically butyrate, which correlated with the decrease in levels of IL-6 following synbiotic supplementation.

Synbiotic supplementation led to the most significant changes across inflammatory markers, particularly those linked to metabolic and immune function. These findings highlight the potential of targeted dietary interventions to modulate host–microbiome interactions and inflammation, offering a promising strategy to support healthy ageing and extend healthspan.

Recent research suggests that the gut microbiome may regulate chronic pain processing (1-3). Inulin, a prebiotic fiber, can modulate the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, leading to increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyric acid through fermentation. Given the potential influence of the gut microbiome on pain sensitisation, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of inulin supplementation on pain, physical function, and pain sensitivity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

In a 6-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 2x2 factorial design, individuals with knee OA pain received either 20g/day of inulin or 10g/day of maltodextrin (placebo), with or without digital physiotherapy. The primary outcome was pain intensity measured by the numerical rating scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes included functional performance (30- second chair-stand [30-CST], timed-up-and-go [TUG], grip strength), pain sensitivity assessed via quantitative sensory testing (QST), and serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyrate.

Inulin supplementation significantly reduced pain compared to placebo (inulin: baseline- adjusted mean 3.3 [95% C.I. 2.5-4.1] vs. placebo: 4.4 [95% C.I. 3.6-5.2]; β = -1.11, Cohen’s d = 0.57, p = 0.045). It also led to improvement in grip strength (inulin: baseline-adjusted mean 38.6 [95% C.I. 36.5-40.8] vs. placebo: 34.0 [95% C.I. 31.9-36.1]; Cohen’s d = 0.68, p = 0.002), whereas no significant effects were observed for 30-CST and TUG. In addition, inulin improved markers of central sensitisation, with a higher proportion of individuals showing increased pressure pain thresholds at the superolateral knee (inulin: average improved 40.0% [SD 10.09] vs placebo: 11.1% [SD 3.0], p = 0.009) and enhanced temporal summation responses (inulin: average improved 74.0% [SD 18.7] vs placebo: 51.8% [SD 14.0], p = 0.025). Furthermore, inulin uniquely increased circulating butyric acid levels (baseline: mean 1054 [SD 502.1] vs follow-up: mean 1282 [SD 451.2], p = 0.0248). No significant correlations were identified between SCFA levels and pain or functional outcomes, suggesting that the effects of inulin may be mediated through alternative mechanisms.

Inulin supplementation led to moderate improvements in pain, grip strength, and pain sensitivity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis, suggesting a potential role in modulating central pain mechanisms independent of SCFA production.

Despite ample sunlight, vitamin D inadequacy is prevalent in Qatar and neighboring Middle Eastern countries.(1) Rapid socioeconomic development has changed the traditional food system beyond recognition. Fast-food consumption is high and increasing at an alarming pace. Given that fast-food is typically low in vitamin D, regular fast-food consumption (RFFC) may contribute to vitamin D inadequacy and associated adverse health outcomes. We aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and assess its association with RFFC among adults in Qatar.

A cross-sectional analysis of secondary data from Qatar Biobank (QBB) included 2,000 adults aged 18–64 years (balanced 1:1 for males and females). Exclusion criteria were pregnant women, lactating women, and individuals following vegan or vegetarian diets.(2) FFC was classified as regular (≥1/week) or irregular (<1 time/week).(3) Vitamin D inadequacy was defined as serum 25(OH)D levels <20 ng/ml, with adequate status being ≥20 ng/mL. Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-squared tests, and multiple binary logistic regression models were conducted to assess prevalence and predictors of inadequate vitamin D status.(4) The study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Qatar Biobank (QF-QBB-RES-ACC-00287).

Overall, 60.8% of participants exhibited inadequate vitamin D levels, and 49.6% were classified as regular fast-food consumers. Unadjusted chi-square analysis revealed a higher prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among regular, compared to irregular, fast-food consumers (71.6% vs. 57.6%; p < 0.001). In addition, prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was higher among males, singles, younger adults, employed, smokers, rural residents, those with lower educational attainment, individuals who worked night shifts, consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, and didn’t take vitamin D supplements.

In the adjusted regression analysis (n= 1,993), RFFC was independently associated (AOR; 95% CI) with a 41% increase in the odds of vitamin D inadequacy (1.407; 1.133-1.746). Other significant predictors of inadequate vitamin D status included male gender, younger age (18-34 and 35-54 years compared to those aged 55-65), lower educational attainment, and being single. By contrast, vitamin D supplementation was strongly protective against inadequacy (0.23; 0.18–0.28).

Vitamin D inadequacy is highly prevalent among adults living in Qatar and is independently associated with RFFC. This supports existing evidence of increased prevalence of Vitamin D inadequacy in this region; however, it is the first to highlight a potential association with FFC; a modifiable factor through appropriate behaviour change strategies. This study underscores the need for targeted nutritional interventions —specifically aimed at younger people and males— and campaigns to promote vitamin D supplementation, as well as policies to influence accessibility and the composition of fast foods, encouraging a shift away from RFFC towards healthier alternatives. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify causality and inform public health strategies.

Global sodium consumption (4,310 mg/day), particularly in low- and middle-income countries, including Thailand, remains considerably higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for adults (2,000 mg/day) (1). The mean sodium intake of Thai adults (3,636, SD1,722 mg/day) is more than double the WHO recommendation, and especially high in southern Thailand (4,108, SD1,677 mg/day) (2). Currently, there is insufficient data on the sodium content of traditional food in southern Thailand. This study aimed to determine the amount of sodium in traditional food and determinants of sodium consumption behaviours among adults in southern Thailand.

A cross-sectional study recruited adults with hypertension on treatment from clinics in the Sichon district of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. A self-administered questionnaire was used including questions ondemographics, perceived self-efficacy and practise of sodium consumption behaviour, access to low-sodium food, and salt/sodium substitute products. The questionnaire was reviewed by 3 health experts. Overall content validity was high at 0.84. The index of item objective congruence was above 0.5 and questionnaire reliability, measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was acceptable at 0.73. In addition, a salt meter determined the quantity of sodium chloride in food with total dissolved solids by measuring the electrical conductivity of sodium chloride in food expressed in 100 mg/100 mL (equivalent to 39.3 mg of sodium/100 mL) (3). Statistical analysis used SPSS v29.0. This study was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Walailak University, Thailand.

A total of 469 adults completed the questionnaire, 316 (67%) were female with median age 62 years (IQR=42-95). Majority 220 (47%) were overweight or obese, and 413 (88%) usually ate home cooked foods. The majority were non-smokers (80%) and did not consume alcohol (67%). Most participants agreed that they avoid purchasing foods high in salt and sodium (70%) and consider manufacturers of salt and sodium substitute products to be reputable and trustworthy (68%). Additionally, 61% reported that they sometimes read nutrition labels before selecting pre-packaged food.

1,876 samples of foods were provided by participants for analysis of sodium chloride. In spicy curry (938 samples) the majority (89%) were classified as very salty (>0.9% salt), followed by 9% at safe levels (0.7-0.9% salt) and 2% as slightly salty (<0.7% salt) while sodium chloride concentration in clear soup (938 samples) were very salty (40%), followed by safe levels (30%), and slightly salty (30%). The average amount of sodium in spicy curry was 507, SD118 mg/100 mL, which was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of clear soup (342, SD99 mg/100 mL).

Despite most participants reporting positive self-reported dietary behaviours, they are still consuming high sodium in both spicy curry and clear soup. These findings support public health campaigns to reduce sodium intake.

Long-COVID (LC) affects over 400 million individuals globally and is characterised by persistent fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and gastrointestinal disturbances(1,2). The possible underlying immunological mechanisms associated with LC remain poorly understood. A possible mechanism would link gut dysbiosis and altered gut metabolic output- in particular with respect to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)- to immune dysregulation in LC(3). SCFAs, primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are key modulators of T-cell function(4). A deficiency in SCFAs due to prolonged dysbiosis and poor diet due to reduced mobility and fatigue may drive immune exhaustion and chronic low-grade inflammation commonly observed in LC patients. This study aims to characterise CD4+T cells in LC patients and explore the regulatory role of SCFAs on T-cell functionality under the context of LC.

Multiple flow cytometry panels were employed on PBMC from Long-COVID patients (LC, n=15) and matched No-Fatigue controls (CT, n=10), to quantify T-cell subsets (as % of CD4+T-Cells), assessing exhaustion (PD-1, CD44, LAG3, CD38, CD57), differentiation (CD45RO/RA, CD27, CD62L), activation markers (HLA-DR, CD25) and frequency of Treg (CD25high FOXP3highCD127low). Serum cytokine levels were quantified using a multiplex chemiluminescence-based assay platform. Stimulation assays were performed using CD3+ T-cells using CD3/CD28 activation-bead in the presence/absence of SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate) at 0.125-2 mM/ml concentrations toward optimising inducible Treg assays in the future.

CD4+ T cells in LC showed elevated exhaustion markers: PD-1 (34%, p = 0.0001), CD44 (24%, p = 0.03), CD38 (43%, p = 0.07), and LAG3 (19%, p = 0.0063). CD8+ T cells had increased PD-1 expression in 15% of LC patients. CD57+ memory CD4+ T cells were reduced (p = 0.006), and CD62L+ naïve CD4+ T cells were higher in LC (p = 0.008). Naïve/memory balance in CD8+ T cells shifted (−21% memory, +32% naïve). Treg frequencies showed a lower median in LC, though not statistically significant. CRP levels were elevated in 73% of LC patients vs. 12% of controls (p < 0.0001). IL-4 and IL-6 were elevated in 44% and 41% of LC patients, respectively (p < 0.0001). Hierarchical clustering revealed six immune clusters, four dominated by LC with distinct inflammatory or Th2/Th17 profiles.

Preliminary SCFA assays showed butyrate (≥0.5 mM) suppressed CD3/CD28-induced proliferation in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Propionate was effective at ≥1 mg/mL; acetate had no effect up to 2 mM.

LC patients show marked immune changes on CD4+T-cells for exhaustion but on CD8+T- cells for differentiation and high cytokine levels in the circulation. The observed heterogeneity may relate to symptoms, which will be explored later. Preliminary SCFA functional assay data suggest SCFAs, especially butyrate, can regulate T-cell proliferation, supporting the idea of a link between the gut (dysbiosis) and the immune system in LC pathophysiology.

Remission of T2DM has been shown to be possible with dietary modifications and significant weight loss in clinical trials as well as real-world studies (1,2). Low-Carbohydrate Diets (LCDs; <130 g carbohydrates/d(3)) have been shown to be effective in inducing T2DM remission(2). However, there is limited evidence of adherence to a LCD and exploration on blood lipid levels in the context of maintaining long-term remission, outside of clinical trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in dietary intake, HbA1c, weight and blood lipids during 6-months of post remission while following a LCD.

Participants who recently induced T2DM remission were recruited from two GP clinics in England after receiving advice to follow an LCD. Four-day food diaries, weight, and blood parameters (i.e., HbA1c and blood lipids) were collected at baseline, 3-months and 6- months. Dietary intake analyses and statistical analyses were conducted using NutriticsTMand SPSS 29.0, respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA test was conducted to see any significant differences between timepoints. Ethical approval was granted from the Health Research Ethics Committee at Edge Hill University and the NHS (ETH2122- 0228 and 22/SC/045, respectively).

Twelve participants (4 female/8 male) completed the study. Mean (± SD) age of participants was 69 ± 8 years. Duration of T2DM prior to remission was 66 ± 54 months. There were no statistically significant changes in HbA1c level across time points (p>0.05). At 6-months, all participants had HbA1c ≤ 48mmol/mol, indicating maintenance of remission. No statistically significant changes were observed in blood lipids except for HDL-C, which improved from baseline to 6 months (+0.17 mmol/L [95% CI, -0.31 to -0.02], p=0.019). A statistically significant weight loss was observed between baseline and 3- months (-3.6 kg [95% CI, 0.5 to 6.6], p=0.02) and baseline and 6-months (-3.7 kg [95% CI, 0.3 to 7.1], p=0.03). There were no significant changes in carbohydrate intake over time.

However, two participants’ carbohydrate intake exceeded 130 g per day at both baseline and 3-months while 3 participants exceed 130 g at 6 months, indicating a trend of increasing carbohydrate intake with time. While energy intake did not change significantly, it was reported to fall below the DRVs according to sex and age group. At all timepoints, fibre intake was found to be below the recommended 30 g per day.

This study showed that people with newly induced T2DM remission can maintain it over 6 months in a real-world setting, with observed metabolic improvements. Adherence to a LCD was also shown to be possible, although a consistent low fibre intake was observed. Therefore, supporting people in achieving and maintaining T2DM remission through a well-planned diet within primary care could bring about significant benefits if scaled to a population level.

There is a need to design low-cost population based dietary interventions that improve diet quality to reduce population risks for poor health outcomes linked to diet. Currently, much attention and research funding are focused on ‘ultra-processed foods’; an alternative approach to improving diet quality is use of positively framed, ‘eat more’ health messages in relation to minimally refined, or ‘intact’ plant foods. Since intake of plant foods is associated with stool weight (1), there is potential for monitoring of faecal output to act as a proxy for diet quality. Despite exponential interest in gut microbiome research, bowel function in healthy individuals is perhaps the least understood and least studied of all human bodily functions. One likely reason for this is that the subject of bowel movements is still a social taboo; bodily secretions, including faeces, are a widely reported elicitor of disgust (2). This disgust appears to be profound, extending even to aversion to take part in bowel cancer screening (3). It is important to better understand attitudes toward bowel movements so that that the potential for operationalisation of this bodily function may be explored. This study aims to investigate 1) beliefs about the link between faeces and health and 2) attitudes towards and acceptability of using a stool chart as feedback on diet quality.

Seven focus groups (n=32) were held at Leeds Beckett University between February and March 2024. Participants were recruited via community posters, email lists and social media. Inclusion criteria were: aged 18-60 and in good general health (e.g. no bowel disease, or constipation). Sessions lasted 60 minutes and were facilitated by a trained moderator following a semi-structured interview guide. A second researcher recorded notes on group dynamics and non-verbal communication. All sessions were video recorded with participant permission. Data saturation was considered achieved when no new themes emerged from the analysis. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim by an experienced qualitative researcher. Data were analysed using thematic analysis (4).

Participants predominantly associated stool monitoring with bowel cancer detection rather than general health assessment. Some participants recalled their mothers observing their stool characteristics and relating these observations to their diets—a practice they perceived as less common in contemporary society. When discussing stool appearance, participants primarily referenced colour variations while generally overlooking considerations of form or size as potential health markers.

Participants demonstrated broad acceptance of using stool charts as tools for monitoring dietary health. These results suggest that there is scope for operationalising bowel movement monitoring as a personalised marker of good nutritional health.

Weaning is the most stressful period in the life of the pig, which can be associated with a reduction in growth performance, perturbations to the gut microbiome and an increase in gastrointestinal disease (1). In the absence of prophylactic antibiotics, therapeutic levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) have been offered in feed for two weeks, to support the young animal through this transition. However, due to both environmental and antimicrobial resistance concerns, the use of ZnO was banned in the UK and EU from June 2022 (2). Agri-food by-products (AFBPs) hold interest as potential alternatives to ZnO due to the range of bio-active compounds they contain. For example, polyphenols found in fruit and vegetable pulps and peelings display anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (3). The aim of the current study was to determine the potential of different fruit and vegetable-derived AFBP to impact gut microbiota composition as indicator of gut health.

This trial was performed at the University of Leeds National Pig Centre with approval from the University’s animal welfare and ethical review body. AFBPs were obtained from a variety of fruit and vegetable sources and formulated into weaner pig feed. A total of 320 pigs were weaned onto this trial and randomly assigned to one of eight diets (A-H) for a 14-day period post-weaning. Diet A was a negative control with no additional additive, diet B contained therapeutic levels of ZnO (3100 ppm) as a positive control and diets C-H each contained different AFBP streams. Pigs were housed in groups of 5, with 8 replicate pens per treatment. After 14 days, digesta samples were collected from 10 pigs per treatment from the jejunum, ileum and caecum to identify changes in the gut microbial community. From the extracted DNA, the V4 region (16s rRNA gene) was sequenced. Amplicons were cleaned and aligned to the SILVA database (v132) in Mothur with statistical analysis performed in R.

Whilst no differences in α-diversity (Chao1, Shannon, Simpson; P>0.05) were observed, a difference in community composition was identified in both the ileum (p=0.008) and caecum (p=0.002). ZnO showed significant differences in β-diversity (NMDS, Bray-Curtis distances) to the negative control and some of the AFBP groups, whilst others were similar. The ZnO diet showed enhanced suppression of both Escherichia-shigella and Campylobacter in both the ileum and the caecum compared with the negative control. AFBP groups varied in their effectiveness, and this varied with gut location.

With refinement of the dosage and a potential blend of additives to maximise effectiveness across a range of gut health and performance parameters, there is scope to include AFBPs in the diet of the weaned pig to support gut health and reduce the susceptibility of the microbiome to pathogen colonisation.

Breast cancer (BCa) is the most diagnosed cancer in the world, with an estimation of 2.3 million new cases in 2020(1). Although the results of observational studies (OSs) have shown that vitamin D status is inversely associated with the risk of BCa(2), this observation is not supported by randomised controlled trials (RCTs)(3). Given these inconsistent findings between OSs and RCTs, this study aims to investigate the association between vitamin D status and BCa risk using data from both OSs and RCTs.

The systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for articles published up to June 2024. After title/abstract and full-text screening, 45 OSs and eight RCTs were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Of the 45 OSs, 26 that measured vitamin D status (i.e., serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of 26 OSs and eight RCTs were conducted in STATA 18 using random effect model.

The meta-analysis of OSs showed that sufficient serum 25(OH)D concentrations (65.98 ± 19.60 nmol/L) were inversely associated with BCa risk when compared to insufficient serum 25(OH)D concentrations (47.48 ± 19.03 nmol/L) (Log Odds Ratio (LOR) = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.27 – -0.05, p < 0.001, I2 = 92.42%). In contrast, the RCTs showed a non-significant reduction in BCa risk with vitamin D supplementation (24.45 ± 21.85 µg/day) (Log Hazard Ratio = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.04 – 0.01, p = 0.16, I2 = 25.88%). Subgroup analysis was conducted in OSs based on participants’ vitamin D status at baseline (deficient and insufficient: ≤ 50 nmol/L; sufficient: > 50 nmol/L). Results showed that vitamin D sufficiency at baseline was not associated with BCa risk (LOR = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.12 – 0.08, p = 0.74, I2 = 76.24%), while vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency at baseline were negatively associated with BCa risk (LOR = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.47 – -0.13, p < 0.05, I2 = 94.84%). This indicates an increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration may reduce BCa risk in vitamin D deficient and insufficient groups, but not in those who are already vitamin D sufficient. The results of subgroup analysis of RCTs based on the type of supplementation (vitamin D; vitamin D + calcium; vitamin D + omega 3) remained insignificant.

To conclude, the findings between OSs and RCTs remained inconsistent. Further research to improve RCT design regarding vitamin D supplementation may be needed, given the current designs focus on vitamin D dose rather than the serum 25(OH)D concentration during interventions.

Obesity, a major global health issue, has more than doubled since 1990, now affecting over 1billion people (1,2). Conventional treatments, including drugs like orlistat, are often limited by side effects (3,4). Onion (Allium cepa) peels, rich in quercetin and flavonoids, have shown promise in reducing obesity through improved lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity (5-7). The dose-dependent efficacy of onion peel as a dietary supplement remains unclear, particularly when compared to standard drug treatments. Data on its effects on metabolic hormones like leptin and ghrelin, which regulate appetite and energy balance, are also limited. This study explores the effects of red and white onion peel extracts on obesity markers in high-fat diet-induced obese female rats.

Acute toxicity test was done in both red and white onion peels, using Lorke’s method (8) in 18 Swiss albino mice with doses from 10–5000 mg/kg. No toxicity or mortality was observed, confirming the extracts are safe. Forty-eight female Wistar rats (average weight 120 g) were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 6). Group 1 (normal control) received a standard pelleted diet, while obesity was induced in Groups 2–8 using a high-fat diet (HFD) for five weeks. After induction, Group 2 (obese control) was switched to a normal diet, while Groups 3–5 received HFD supplemented with 10%, 20%, or 30% red onion peel, and Groups 6–8 received HFD supplemented with 10%, 20%, or 30% white onion peel, respectively, for five weeks. At the end of the treatment period, parameters including obesity indices, fasting blood glucose (FBS), liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), antioxidant markers (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hormones (leptin and ghrelin) were measured using standard procedures. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and results were presented with GraphPad Prism version 8. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05 using Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.

Results from HFD-induced groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increases in obesity indices, FBS (6.09±0.29 mg/dl), TC (198.99±1.08mg/dl), TAG (144.78±1.03 mg/dl) LDL (130.23 ±2.03 mg/dl), MDA, leptin, and liver enzymes, with decreases in HDL (38.90 ± 4.22 mg/dl), ghrelin, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Red onion peel supplementation showed greater improvement than white onion peel in reducing obesity indices, FBS, cholesterol, MDA, leptin, and boosting antioxidant activity, indicating its higher therapeutic potency for managing obesity.

Both onion-supplemented diets significantly reduced obesity indices, liver enzyme activities, and regulated fasting blood sugar (FBS), indicating anti-obesity potential. Notably, red onion peel showed a greater effect than white onion peel, particularly at higher concentrations, as evidenced by more pronounced improvements in antioxidant enzyme activities and reductions in leptin and malondialdehyde levels. These findings suggest that red onion peel may offer superior therapeutic benefits and could be more effective in the dietary management of obesity.

The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health, with evidence suggesting that plant-based extracts (PBEs) serve as prebiotics to modulate composition and function of microbiota (1). This study aimed to investigate the effects of three commercially available water-based extracts—pomegranate (Pomanox®) and lemon (Wellemon®), rich in polyphenolic compounds, and artichoke (Cynamed®), a source of inulin known to enhance the growth and functionality of beneficial microbes(2). Limited research exists on longer term specific effects of whole food extracts on gut microbiota.

Commercial PBEs were digested using the INFOGEST in vitro batch digestion protocol, to simulate digestion from mouth to small intestine(3). Digested products were used to supplement a previously validated human gut model (MiGut) that simulates different regions of the human colon(4). Use of INFOGEST coupled with 8 MiGut models, that included two replicates for each PBE and two negative control models (no supplementation), allowed for us to assess the effect of PBEs against one human donor, for comparative analysis with reliability. Post two-week equilibrium period, models were dosed daily with manufacturer recommended amount of in vitro digested PBE for two weeks, before two-week recovery phase. Samples were collected thrice weekly.

Quantitative PCR revealed that all three prebiotic treatments induced significant selective alterations in proximal and distal colon, when compared to the end of steady state (before treatment), Wellemon and Cynamed improved growth of beneficial bacteria – Bifidobacterium spp. in both regions (5.28 and 5.26 in proximal and 2.9 and 4.1 log2FC indistal colon respectively, p < 0.05), only Pomanox stimulated growth of Enterobacteriaceaeacross both regions (proximal 2.8 and distal 5.7 log2FC) whilst onlyWellemon induced a significant increase in Prevotella spp. in proximal colon (5.7 log2FC, p < 0.05). Further changes were displayed through a significant decrease in C. leptum in distal colon after treatment with Pomanox and Cynamed (-3.3 and -2.4 log2FCrespectively). Total Eubacteriacounts were increased in proximal region after supplementation with all three PBEs (1.8-3.7 log2FC). No significant changes occured post steady state in negative control, highlighting reliability of MiGut platform. 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed PBE-dependant alterations. Although diversity was unaffected, each PBE-supplement formed a new and unique bacterial community, forming seperate clusters, with alterations at a species level. We plan to complete full SCFA data analysis.

Our study combined the functionality of new models simulating digestion and microbial fermentation to assess PBEs inclusion within the diet to modulate the microbiota. Our observations showcase the functional effect of PBEs to modulate microbiome composition and provide gut health benefits. Increased use of PBEs may also hold implications for environmental sustainability due to use of whole foods, high in waste products, and formulate new supplements that provide select benefits of diets such as MedDiet.

Whole dietary interventions may reduce symptoms of depression/anxiety (1), but adherence is difficult. Single-food interventions, like almonds, may enable improved adherence and contain micronutrients associated with cognitive benefits and have a prebiotic effect on the gut microbiome (2). This randomised controlled trial assessed the effects of whole almonds on mental and gut health in adults with mild to moderate depression/anxiety.

Adults 18-45 years with Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression (PHQ- ADS) (3) scores of 10-29 were randomised to 56g/day whole almonds (intervention) or two iso-caloric muffins/day (control) for 12 weeks. Symptoms of depression/anxiety (primary outcome) were assessed via the PHQ-ADS. Mental health and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured using validated questionnaires. Faecal samples were analysed for short- chain fatty acids via gas-chromatography, study measures were collected at week 0 (Baseline) and week 12 (Endpoint).

Eighty-four participants were randomised (mean age 25 years, BMI 23 kg/m2, 76% female, 46% white ethnicity). Among those who completed mental health and gastrointestinal symptom assessments (n = 81), almond consumption did not significantly affect depression and anxiety symptoms (p = 0.42), mental wellbeing (p = 0.98), or stool frequency (p = 0.32). However, functional impairment was significantly improved in the almond group compared to control (p = 0.05), and participants reported significantly fewer hard stools (p < 0.001). P-values for mental health measures were calculated using linear mixed models. P-values for stool-related outcomes were calculated using a linear regression with baseline values as a covariate.

Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were analysed in a subset of participants who provided faecal samples (n = 64; 31 in the almond group and 33 in the control group). There were no significant between-group differences in faecal SCFA concentrations, including total SCFAs (p = 0.51), acetic (p = 0.60), propionic (p = 0.47), butyric (p = 0.60), iso-butyric (p = 0.84), iso-valeric (p = 0.84), or valeric acid (p = 0.80). p-values were calculated using ANCOVA with baseline values as a covariate.

While almonds did not significantly reduce symptoms of depression/anxiety or the majority of mental health outcomes, they improved functional impairment and reduced reports of hard stools, suggesting potential benefits for mental and gut health. Microbiome analyses are ongoing to investigate potential markers related to the gut-brain axis. Future trials should assess whether singular food interventions have efficacy in severely depressed/anxious populations.

Broccoli is a rich source of glucosinolates such as glucoraphanin which can be hydrolysed to sulforaphane that has shown a wide range of anti-cancer activities especially in vitro and in vivo animal studies (1). Glucoraphanin hydrolysis to sulforaphane is dependent on the plant enzyme myrosinase which is released during the breakdown or processing of broccoli(1). Nevertheless, myrosinase can denature during post-harvest and food processing of broccoli (2). Certain probiotics, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, have shown in vitro myrosinase-like activity converting glucoraphanin to sulforaphane(3). Based on this, the present double-blind, randomised, controlled crossover clinical trial aimed to investigate whetherL. plantarum supplementation could enhance the bioavailability of broccoli-derived sulforaphane in healthy adults.

Participants (n = 5; age = 28.6 ± 8.1 years, weight = 75.94 ± 14.16 kg, and body mass index = 23.9 ± 3.1 kg/m2) received L. plantarum supplementation (2 × 1010 CFU/day) or a placebo (800 mg/day dextrose) for two weeks in a double-blind, randomised, controlled crossover design. Before and after each phase of supplementation, participants consumed broccoli sprout extract tablets (a dose of 136.6 umol of glucoraphanin), followed by the collection of blood (0-8 h) samples. The concentration of sulforaphane and its metabolites was be measured in plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The pharmacokinetics parameters Cmax (maximum concentration) and Tmax (time to reach maximum concentration) were also determined.

A paired t-test was performed to compare the differences in AUC, Cmax, and Tmax between the supplement and placebo conditions. The mean difference of AUC (ΔAUCsupplemet = 0.33 ± 0.72, ΔAUCplacebo = 0.05 ± 0.81, p = 0.614), Cmax(ΔCmax supplement = 0.19 ± 0.32 µM, ΔCmax placebo = 0.02 ± 0.21 µM, p = 0.456), and Tmax(ΔTmax supplement = 0.0 ± 1.4 h, ΔTmax placebo = 0.4 ± 0.9 h, p = 0.704) were not significant as p > 0.05.

Probiotic supplementation did not significantly affect the bioavailablity of broccoli sulforaphane (in terms of AUC) as well as reaching the highest concentration in blood plasma or changing the time to reach the highest concentration. Although the in vitro evidence was not replicated in our clinical study, one potential reason for this discrepancy could be the interindividual variability due to differences in gut microbiota composition at baseline. To better assess this effect, a larger sample size is needed, and the data from this study could help power future research. Additionally, analyzing the levels of Lactobacillus plantarum in each individual at various stages of the study would provide valuable insights into its presence and concentration within the microbiome.