Introduction. Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. birrea est un fruitier sauvage très répandu au Burkina Faso. Bien que très apprécié par les populations rurales, il demeure non domestiqué et sous utilisé. Jusqu’à présent, les études sur la variation et la qualité des fruits se sont concentrées sur la sous espèce caffra, originaire de l’Afrique australe. Matériel et méthodes. La composition biochimique des fruits de 106 arbres de Sclerocarya birrea au Burkina Faso a été étudiée le long d’un transect Nord-Sud (gradient climatique) traversant le Burkina Faso à partir de cinq caractères quantitatifs du fruit et de la graine. Le taux en sucres totaux et en sucres réducteurs, la teneur en acidité libre totale et le rapport [acidité libre totale / sucres solubles totaux] ont été définis dans la pulpe. La teneur en lipides des graines a été déterminée. Résultats et discussion. Pour les caractères étudiés, l’analyse des résultats a mis en évidence une grande variabilité inter- et intra-population. La variabilité inter-population s’explique par le gradient climatique qui caractérise la zone d’échantillonnage. Conclusion. La variabilité de la composition des fruits de Sclerocarya birrea subsp. birrea mise en évidence pourra servir de base pour un programme d’amélioration.

Introduction In Morocco the olive growers rely totally on pesticides to control the black scale Saissetia oleae, although this technique has adverse effects on natural enemies, on product quality and on the environment. However, the pesticides are not used efficiently because of ignorance of the developmental cycle of the insect, and of the periods of vulnerable instar presence. We studied these two parameters. Next, we tested the efficacy of the pesticide and we studied the effect of pruning on the scales as an alternative to chemicals. Materials and methods The seasonal trend of the black scale was studied in two olive orchards near Essaouira, in the west of Morocco, during 2005 and 2006. One of these orchards was subject to chemical treatment in 2007, while two new orchards were selected to study the effect of pruning on the scales. The evolution of crawler and nymph density on different olive tree organs was followed in order to discover their preferences for these different organs. Results and discussion The seasonal trend study showed the presence of one generation of S. oleae per year and the tendency to colonise young organs rather than old ones. The optimum of mobile instar population coincided with the beginning and the end of July. On the organs of the chemically-treated samples, numbers of crawlers and nymphs were highly reduced. The results showed a small-scale infestation in pruned trees compared with the unpruned trees (control). Conclusion. Though the chemical control has good results, pruning remains very efficient and can help improve the control of the black scale populations without harming the environment

Introduction. The peel of bananas that ripen at ≥ 24 ℃ does not turn fully yellow, but retains a green colour, reducing the commercial value of the fruit. Historically, in experimental studies of this problem, fruit are ripened at constant temperatures; for example, either 20 ℃ or 30 ℃. In our experiments, we systematically varied the temperature of banana storage during ripening to investigate early events in ripening that may determine whether or not the peel remained green. Materials and methods. Fruits were exposed to temperatures of 20 ℃ or 30 ℃ for short periods before then storing at 30 ℃ or 20 ℃ to complete ripening. The L* a* b* colour system was used to measure change in green colour in the banana peel. Results. If the temperature of the fruit stored was 20 ℃ for the first few hours (≥ 14 h), then the peel became fully yellow, even in fruit subsequently ripened at 30 ℃. Conversely, if the temperature of the bananas stored was 30 ℃ for the first few hours of ripening, then full yellow colour was not obtained even if fruits were subsequently ripened at 20 ℃. Conclusion. The temperature of the first few hours of banana ripening determines whether or not the peel reaches full yellow colour.

Introduction. Strawberry is basically a temperate fruit, but, due to itsshort production cycle (100–120 days), it has now become the fastest growing crop in thetropical and sub-tropical regions of the Asian nations. In India, farmers of northernplain regions transplant the strawberries before the onset of the winter and keep onharvesting until early summer. Not much is known about the impact of the harvesting season(winter and summer) on the accumulation of health-promoting substances or on qualitytraits. Considering the existing research gaps and practical utility, the present studywas undertaken. Materials and methods. Four varieties were grown on raisedbeds with black polythene mulch, and a drip and fertigation system. Fruits were harvestedat the ¾ colour (scarlet) development stage and observations were recorded on differentphysiological and functional attributes consecutively during three harvesting months.Results and discussion. Our results indicated that both cultivars andharvesting months affected the physiology and functional quality of strawberry fruit.Anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and total antioxidants were found to be higher during March.Ascorbic acid content registered ≈ 50% reduction during advance summer harvesting (April).Among the tested varieties, Camarosa gave better results during all three harvestingmonths in terms of desirable quality traits. Conclusion. Our findings showthat there are some varieties such as Camarosa which have the potential to producefunctionally superior fruits over other cultivars even during early summer. Theinformation presented may be helpful in selection of suitable cultivars, and postharvesthandling and processing measures for strawberry fruits harvested during differentmonths.

Introduction. Natural beveragesface strong competition from synthetic drinks in the open market.Creation of diversity in natural products is a key strategy to withstandthis competition. Pummelo (Citrus grandis Linn.)is one such potential fruit which could be exploited on a commercialscale if processed properly. The bitterness of pummelo juice isa serious handicap in its utilization. The present study aimed atpreparation of a cost-effective, palatable blended beverage of pummelo. Materials and methods. To overcome this problem, pummelowas blended with mango ginger and kokum juice in the ratio of [65:30:5]for the preparation of syrup. The product was stored for 120 daysin ambient conditions of storage and analyzed for changes in itsphysicochemical constituents. Results and discussion.Total soluble solids and total sugar increased during storage, whiletitratable acidity and ascorbic acid content decreased slightlyduring storage. Organoleptically, the best recipe was 25% juice,70 °Brix total soluble solids and 1.5% acidity with a score of 6.3out of 7.0 for overall acceptability. Mango ginger juice suppressedthe bitter aftertaste of pummelo juice and imparted its characteristictaste and flavor to the product. The product was shelf-stable andhad important medicinal constituents in it. The [total revenue / totalcost] ratio of the product was 2.90.

Introduction. Iran, with more than 10 species of Pyrus, is one of the important genetic resources for this genus in the world, and Fars province is one of the centers of origin. In our research, cytogenetical investigation of native wild pear species of Fars province, including P. glabra Boiss., P. syriaca Boiss. and, probably, a natural hybrid of them, (P. glabra × P  syriaca), was carried out using a video analysis system. Materials and methods. Seed germination of different species was done on damp filter paper in petri dishes, and root tips were collected for karyotypical investigation. After pretreatment, fixation, hydrolysis and staining, samples were prepared for observation under the microscope and chromosome morphology was studied. Analysis of the species genome (length of each chromosome, length of long and short arm, ratio of long arm to short arm and ratio of short arm to long arm) was done and the chromosomal type of each species was determined using Levan et al.'s method. Then the karyotypic symmetry of species was studied by Stebbins' method. Results and discussion. The results revealed that all of the genotypes, with 2n = 2x = 34, were diploid. Based on Stebbins' table, genotypes 1 and 2 of P. glabra were classified into group 1A, P. glabra × P. syriaca into group 2A and P. syriaca into group 2B. Genotype plots, according to the A1 and A2 parameters and Stebbins' cross classes, revealed the same results. Similarity and differences of species in chromosomal aspects were investigated and the results shown in a dendrogram.

Introduction. La zone sahélienne se caractérise par des sécheresses récurrentes, une dégradation accrue des sols, des rendements agricoles faibles et des périodes de famines fréquentes. Il serait dès lors nécessaire d’introduire des cultures moins tributaires de la pluviométrie et pouvant participer à l’autosuffisance alimentaire. Dans ce contexte, nous avons testé la culture de cultivars améliorés de jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) au nord du Burkina Faso. Matériel et méthodes. Cinq cultivars domestiqués de jujubier d’origine israélienne (cultivar Ben Gurion), ou indienne (Gola, Kaithali, Seb et Umran) ont été plantés en station de recherche à partir de jeunes plants greffés (environ 500 plants·ha–1) ; ils ont été irrigués soit manuellement par une technique traditionnelle, soit par un système de goutte-à-goutte. Le poids et la dimension des fruits (longueur et largeur) récoltés après 2 et 3 ans de plantation ont été étudiés. Résultats. La production fruitière des cultivars en deuxième et troisième années, tous cultivars confondus, a donné respectivement 0,48 t·ha–1 et 3,54 t·ha–1 avec une production moyenne de (0,97 et 7,08) kg par an et par pied. Les cultivars, Ben Gurion, Gola et Seb ont produit environ 500 fruits par pied, Umran, 300 fruits par pied, et Kaithali, 200 fruits par pied. Le cultivar Ben Gurion a présenté le poids moyen de fruit le plus élevé (15 g) et Kaithali, le poids le plus faible (6 g). Les cultivars les plus productifs se sont révélés être Ben Gurion et Gola qui, avec le cultivar Umran, ont donné les plus gros fruits. Discussion et conclusion. Les récoltes observées pour les plants de 2 et 3 ans pourrait faire espérer, par extrapolation, un rendement de près de 13 t·ha–1 en neuvième année. Ces premiers résultats obtenus dans une région peu propice à la production agricole permettent d’envisager la possibilité d’un développement de la culture du jujubier en zone sahélienne, pouvant déboucher à terme sur une source de revenus substantiels pour les populations locales.

Introduction Le baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) est un arbre caractéristique du paysage agricole dans les zones semi-arides d’Afrique. Il est utilisé quotidiennement par la population locale africaine. La diversité des services et des produits du baobab suggère d’effectuer une évaluation de sa variabilité morphologique afin d’avoir une meilleure connaissance de son potentiel. Notre article a cherché à identifier des descripteurs morphologiques discriminants chez le baobab en relation avec la diversité agro-écologique du Mali. Matériel et méthodes Notre évaluation a concerné huit provenances de baobab reparties sur l’ensemble de son aire de distribution géographique au Mali. Elle a porté sur les caractères foliaires, fruitiers et sur ceux liés aux graines. Le coefficient de variation a été utilisé pour évaluer la variabilité. Les données ont été analysées par analyse de variance et analyse multi-variée. Résultats Une importante variabilité a été observée selon les provenances et les descripteurs utilisés. Les descripteurs morphologiques discriminants pour les baobabs que nous avons échantillonnés ont été la longueur et la largeur des fruits, la longueur du pédoncule des fruits, la longueur, la largeur et le nombre de lobes des feuilles.

Introduction.Ximenia americana is a species developed in Africa and South America. This fruit tree is threatened by a dangerous process of genetic erosion. In vitro techniques could be used for its rapid clonal propagation. Since there is still no report on vitroculture of the species, we tested its micropropagation using axillary buds from mature plants of X. americana. Materials and methods. Single node explants of X. americana shoots were cultured on a proliferation medium made up with a MS medium containing different concentrations (2.5-15 μM) of two cytokinins [benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin] used individually or in combination with 0.5 μM of an auxin [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA)]. Data were recorded after 5 weeks of culture. From proliferated shoot clumps, shoot explants (approximately 3 cm in length) were excised and transferred to rooting media made up with MS medium with or without 0.5 M of indolebutyric acid (IBA) (pH = 5.8). Results. The most rapid and earliest proliferation was observed in media with the lowest concentrations of cytokinins. Absence of growth regulators in media and media with 2,4-D or NAA considerably delayed bud proliferation. The number of shoots per explant increased with the increase of cytokinins. The maximum number of shoots was achieved in 10 μM BA. When shoots were transferred to rooting media, media supplemented with 0.5 μM IBA improved the rooting frequency, root quality and number of roots per cutting. After rooting, the vitroplants were transplanted into small polybags with 1:1 non-sterile soil and sand, then in the field after 4 weeks. Eighty percent of the plants taken from regulator-supplemented media were acclimated versus 15% of those taken from auxin-free media. Conclusion. The rapid clonal propagation of X. americana is possible through in vitro culture of nodal explants. The best cytokinin for shoot multiplication was BA.

Introduction. Under the sub-tropical climate of India, ‘Sweet Charlie’ strawberry is being grown on a large scale. However, under such climatic conditions, it is not possible to transplant runners before mid-October, because the environmental temperature is very high, and planting after mid-October is also not good because then winter sets in and affects growth, development, flowering and fruiting of strawberry. Under such circumstances, covering of strawberry beds with row covers and mulching with plastic mulch can be useful for early and high production by way of modifying the leaf physiology and producing marketable berries in high number. Materials and methods. Row covers of transparent polyethylene (100-µm thickness) were erected over beds after one month of transplanting of the runners. Mulching (black polyethylene, white polyethylene and paddy straw) was also applied after one month of transplanting of the runners; it was removed only after fruiting was over. Observations on different leaf physiological parameters were made. Results. Row covers and mulching individually or in combination significantly influenced plant physiology, growth, berry yield attributes and albinism incidence. Plants showed better growth and physiological attributes under row covers than without row covers. Plants had the best growth and physiological attributes under black polyethylene mulch. Berry weight and yield were the highest in plants under row covers and black polyethylene mulch. Although the [row covers × mulching] interaction showed the highest incidence of albinism, berry yield per plant (excluding albino fruit) was significantly the highest with that combination. Conclusion. Erection of row covers and mulching in winter is highly useful for better growth and production of strawberry under a sub-tropical climate.

Introduction. This protocol aims at measuring fruit ethylene production during ripening. It can be used to compare ethylene production between different banana varieties or to compare ethylene production between fruit produced in different pedo-climatic conditions. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials and the three steps necessary for calculating the amount of ethylene produced during banana postharvest ripening. Possible troubleshooting is considered.

Introduction. This protocol aims at detecting and evaluating sensitivity shifts in Colletotrichum musae populations towards fungicides that are currently used for the control of postharvest diseases of bananas. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. The necessary laboratory materials and details of the twelve steps of the protocol for banana sampling and anthracnose lesion development, the agar plate preparation, single-spore isolation, germination test, and data analysis are described. Possible troubleshooting is mentioned. We obtain (a) for antimitotic products, the percentage of resistant strains in the population analysed; (b) for Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor (SBI) fungicides, the variation and distribution of the isolates' sensitivity within the population analysed according to their level of radial growth reduction by the fungicide.

Introduction. The aim of this work was to develop a list ofsuitable sensory attributes and to perform sensory quality assessment of an unprocessedpeach juice and a peach juice clarified by enzymatic treatment followed by membraneprocesses, using the attributes chosen by the trained panel. Materials andmethods. A panel of assessors was selected and trained following the quantitativedescriptive analysis methodology. A descriptive terminology with eight descriptors wassuccessfully developed. Results and discussion. The sensory analysis showedthat the juices were effectively clarified. Although the clarification by microfiltrationin a bench-scale unit did not change juice taste attributes, the characteristic color andaroma of peach juice were also removed. The scale-up of the membrane clarification processaffected all the sensory characteristics of the clarified juice, even taste. Theunpleasant cooked fruit taste and aroma could be reduced by juice clarification byenzymatic and membrane processes. The kind of membrane, membrane geometry andtransmembrane pressure used in the membrane clarification did not significantly affect thejuice sensory characteristics.

Introduction. Le rythme de croissance des végétaux ligneux est un critère essentiel dans l'établissement de l’architecture de l'arbre et, par conséquent, le port futur de l’arbre. Nous avons réalisé une étude portant sur une analyse dynamique de la croissance primaire et secondaire de l’olivier, tout au long d’une saison de végétation. Matériel et méthodes. La croissance de méristèmes terminaux d’oliviers issus de semis a été suivie. L’étude a porté sur la croissance primaire (allongement et édification de métamères) et sur la croissance secondaire (diamètre basal) de différents types de rameaux. Cette croissance a été modélisée, ce qui nous a permis de développer des courbes de modèles théoriques. Résultats. Les croissances relatives primaire et secondaire ont été caractérisées par des courbes en triple sigmoïde, indiquant trois vagues de croissance principales : deux printanières et une automnale. Elles ont été modélisées par des équations théoriques à neuf paramètres et trois logistiques. La validité de ces modèles a été vérifiée par certains critères de performance des modèles, dont la racine carrée de la moyenne des carrées des erreurs et le critère du maximum de vraisemblance. Conclusion. Le caractère rythmique de la croissance l’olivier a été confirmé.

Introduction. Le karité a une fructification aléatoire. L’objectif de notre étude a été de tester la technique d’incision annulaire comme outil de contrôle de cette fructification irrégulière. Matériel et méthodes. En août 2003, une incision annulaire portant sur les trois quarts du pourtour d’une branche a été effectuée, jusqu’à l’aubier, sur 29 karités du terroir de Bondoukuy (Burkina Faso) ; une branche de chacun de ces mêmes arbres a servi de témoin. En 2004, un essai factoriel d’incision a été entrepris ; il a porté sur deux sites de ce même terroir, deux périodes de traitement (fin août et fin novembre), trois ampleurs d’incisions (50 %, 75 % et 100 %) et cinq karités utilisés par traitement. Ce sont donc 60 karités multicaules qui ont été étudiés, un des troncs de chacun d’eux servant de témoin. La proportion de rameaux florifères (%rFl) et le nombre de fleurs (nFl) et de fruits (nFr) formés par rameaux traités et témoins ont été comptabilisés puis analysés. Résultats. Par rapport aux branches témoins, l’incision annulaire a accru de 17 % le (%rFl), 54 % le (nFl) et 100 % le (nFr) par rameau. Les périodes et ampleurs d’incision testées n’ont pas montré de différences entre elles, mais elles ont permis aux branches traitées d’obtenir un (%rFl) supérieur à celle des branches témoins. Quelle que soit la variable considérée, il est apparu une différence de performances de reproduction entre les karités des sites testés ; l’efficacité de l’incision annulaire serait donc liée aux conditions édaphiques de développement de l’arbre. Discussion et conclusion. La technique d’’incision annulaire peut donc être utilisée pour contrôler l’irrégularité de la fructification du karité. Néanmoins, des études complémentaires se révèlent indispensables pour déterminer l’effet de la période de l’incision sur le grossissement et la composition chimique des fruits.

Introduction. Chips or crisps are the most important foods usually fried; they are presented in the form of thin discs (chips) or sometimes in the form of sticks (French fries). Materials and methods. Chips were prepared starting from pulp samples resulting from five hybrids of plantain and banana newly released in Nigeria and from a local cultivar used as reference. The iron, zinc and pro-vitamin A contents were investigated in the chips to unveil their micronutrient content. Results and discussion. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the iron content of the chips produced from the new plantain and banana hybrids, while a significant difference (p < 0.05) existed in both zinc and total carotenoid contents of the hybrids. Chips made from BITA 3, a hybrid cooking banana, couldcontribute 2.61 retinol equivalent (RE)e [1 (RE)e = 6 µg β-carotene (precursor of vitamin A)] daily, if a small packet of chips (45 g) is consumed, based on the Recommended Daily Dietary Allowance. A 45-g packet of chips made from PITA 26 can contribute 14.6% and 20.1% of the daily requirements of zinc per day, and 30.1% and 22.3% of the requirements of iron per day, for a man and a woman, respectively. Conclusions. The new plantain and banana hybrids may therefore significantly participate in a food strategy aiming at combating the lack of micronutrients in the sub-Saharan African diet.

Introduction. Competition between plants on a mat (intramat) and between plants on different clumps (intermat) is quite common in crops such as banana. A study was therefore undertaken to know the extent of intramat and intermat competition using isotopic techniques. Materials and methods. The competition between plants in a mat and between mats were recorded in a combination of three spacings and five physiological phases of sucker retention by giving 32P to an experimental plant using soil injection techniques and monitoring the levels of recovery. The recovery of the isotope was recorded in the applied plant and its daughter (intramat) and in the neighboring border plant and its sucker (intermat). Results. The study revealed that, when 32P was given by soil injection techniques to one plant, it could be recovered in the border plant and its sucker during both years of study. In the first year, activity in initial samplings in border clumps were the highest, with the widest spacing in the experimental plant showing the highest recovery, but a differential pattern of recovery was observed at different samplings in the border clumps. In the irrigated crop of the second year, the highest recovery was observed at the closest spacing in both the experimental and border clumps. With respect to sucker retention at definite physiological phases, the recovery was the highest at the late vegetative phase, the flower bud initiation and the shooting phase. The recovery in the mother plant and its sucker and the border plant and its sucker studied separately gave a measurement of the intramat competition. Conclusion. The differential nature seen with retention phases confirms the requirement and intensity of activity with defined physiological phases and the overall need to evaluate and redefine recommendations, taking into consideration the critical physiological phases.

Introduction. Small-scale bananaproducers in Tanzania are facing constraints caused by the destructiveactivities of the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar).Many currently used methods of addressing the problem are ineffective ortoo expensive for local farmers to implement. Materials and methods.A combination of two integrated pest management (IPM) tools (regulartrapping in combination with field sanitation) was tested at twofarmer-managed sites (Bujela and Kyimo) and one researcher-managedsite (SUA-Morogoro). Treated areas were surrounded by untreatedcontrol areas where no trapping and limited sanitation was done.Changes in population densities were estimated by the mark-recaptureprocedure and the Lincoln index. Results and discussion. Aftereight months, weevil populations in the cleaned and trapped areashad been reduced by 33% (Bujela), 33% (Kyimo) and 74% (SUA). Thechange in population sizes in the control areas differed greatly,possibly due to discrepancies in field management between farmers’ andresearchers’ practice. Trap types, areas and sites affected thenumber of weevils captured. Disc-on-stump (DOS) traps captured moreweevils than corm disc (CD) and pseudostem (PS) traps. Weevils respondedmore strongly to traps in the clean area at SUA compared with theother two sites, probably because the more rigid sanitation practicesat SUA meant that volatiles from the traps were less likely to bemasked by volatiles from surrounding residues. Conclusion.Regular trapping with field sanitation can greatly reduce populationsof banana weevils, but strict adherence to method execution is requiredin order to gain favourable results.

Introduction. India is thelargest producer of pomegranate in the world, with rich geneticdiversity. The wide range of utility of pomegranate in human health,nutrition and livelihood security has triggered its heavy demandin India and other countries. At present, more than 300 germplasmaccessions from indigenous and exotic sources are available in India,but meagre information on the physico-chemical properties of their fruitsis available. In our study, the physico-chemical properties of varietiesgrown under a semi-arid climate were investigated. Materialsand methods. Our study was carried out at the experimentalfarm of the National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, India,during the harvests of 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. Twenty pomegranatevarieties were studied with respect to the physico-chemical propertiesof their fruits. Results and discussion. A considerablevariation (coefficient of variation: 3.37% to 101.13%) was observedwith respect to the 16 characters studied. The values ranged from 12.64 °Brixto 15.39 °Brix for TSS; 0.38% to 3.40% for acidity; 16.67 g to 27.82 gfor 100-aril weight; 4.31-38.62 for the maturity index; 59.22% to 77.40%for aril percentage; and 43.30% to 61.00% for juice percentage. Fruitsize, rind weight, total aril weight, 100-aril weight, juice weight andaril width were found to have a strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) withfruit weight. Based on the total index score obtained, the varieties ‘BasseinSeedless’, ‘Dholka’, ‘Ganesh’, ‘Jyoti’, ‘Kandhari’, ‘KRS’, ‘Mridula’and ‘P-13’ were found to be suitable for processing and table purposes.

Introduction. Ricinodendron heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae), en voie de domestication au Cameroun, est un arbre fruitier sauvage aux amandes oléagineuses comestibles. En milieu naturel ou en pépinière, les plantules sont détruites par Diclidophlebia xuani (Hemiptera : Psyllidae). Matériel et méthodes. L’incidence des dégâts causés par ce ravageur dans les conditions naturelles a été évaluée sur des plantules âgées de moins de 3 mois, en milieu ombragé et en milieu sans ombrage. Les données ont été collectées dans deux sites des environs de Yaoundé entre avril et mai 2000. Résultats et discussion. L’analyse des résultats a montré que les indices de dégâts du psylle ont été plus élevés à Nkolondom qu’à Nkozoa, probablement à cause du nombre plus élevé de plantules dans le premier site que dans le deuxième ; quel que soit le site, les dégâts ont été plus spectaculaires en milieu sans ombrage qu’en milieu ombragé ; les dégâts ont également augmenté avec le développement de la plantule jusqu’à ce qu’elle soit complètement détruite avant d’atteindre quatre mois. Conclusion. En définitive, les plantules de R. heudelotii sont plus sensibles aux déprédations du psylle lorsqu’elles se développent en milieu sans ombrage.