Koro syndrome has traditionally been considered a culturally bound syndrome, characterized by the delusional belief that one's genitalia are retracting and the anxiety caused by the perception of imminent death. Although it is widely regarded as an epidemic in South-east Asia, there are some isolated cases in other cultures as well.

We present a Koro case study and a systematic review, focusing on the presentation and its treatment, in order to make visible this syndrome to Western culture and provide the tools to identify it.

To provide an overview of Koro's presentation, phenomenology and treatment. We also want to clarify the nosology classification of this syndrome and its influence in the reported cases.

We begin describing a new case of Koro syndrome: a Spanish male presented an acute psychosis, the patient had an intellectual disability and a family history of mental illness. A systematic review was done based on articles published in Pubmed following the PRISMA guidelines.

From 117 studies, only 29 met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed on several epidemiological and clinical characteristics. We found that Koro syndrome is more often presented as a result of intoxication or as a part of a previous known psychotic disorder. Cases involving patients sharing their delusion have been only reported in Asia.

No specific data could be obtained about epidemiology and pathogenesis, as our conclusion about Koro syndrome was based mainly on few case studies. Pharmacotherapy and social support may be effective in ameliorating the symptoms.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC) are common in clinical practice. the clinical significance of these subjective complaints among older individuals is not well understood.

To study and discuss the association between SMC and MCI, underlining the importance of an adequate clinical assessment of SMC in the elderly.

Review of the literature.

There is no consistent definition of SMC in the literature. Some prospective studies showed an association with objective memory impairments, conceptualizing SMC as a Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment. SMC are also currently considered to be a core feature of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies showed conflicting results concerning the association between SMC and MCI.

The understanding of the predictive value of SMC in cognitive decline is still poorly understood. It is important to define criteria aimed to increase specificity of memory complaints, allowing an earlier identification of populations with higher risk of MCI. Future research on this complex association is important to identify SMC individuals at increased risk of conversion to MCI and dementia.

The effects of long-term antipsychotic medication on cognition in schizophrenia are unclear (Husa A.P. et al., Schizophr. Res. 2014).

Understanding how long-term antipsychotic treatment affects cognition is crucial for the development of safe, evidence-based treatment of schizophrenia.

To analyse the association between cumulative lifetime antipsychotic dose and cognition in schizophrenia at age 43 years in a general population sample.

Sixty (33 males) schizophrenia spectrum subjects from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were assessed at age 43 years by California Verbal Learning Test, Visual Object Learning Test, Abstraction Inhibition and Working Memory task, Verbal fluency, Visual series, Vocabulary, Digit Span and Matrix reasoning. Cumulative lifetime antipsychotic dose-years were collected from treatment records and interviews. A factor analysis based on the cognitive tests resulted in one cognitive factor. The association between this cognitive composite score and antipsychotic dose-years was analysed by linear regression.

Higher lifetime antipsychotic dose-years were statistically significantly associated with poorer cognitive composite score at age 43 years (B=-0.32, p>0.001), also when adjusted for gender, onset age, remission and number of hospital treatment days (B=-0.42, p=0.008).

To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between cumulative lifetime antipsychotic dose and cognition in midlife in schizophrenia. Based on this data, the use of high antipsychotic doses may relate to poorer cognitive functioning in schizophrenia after twenty years of illness. These results do not support the view that antipsychotics prevent cognitive decline or promote cognitive recovery in schizophrenia.

Even though cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable mortality, worldwide tobacco is consumed by approximately 22% of population. Smoking is also one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and it impacts our brain processing as well as being one of the recognised risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. The tobacco toxins may cause these disorders, e.g., nicotine at high levels, which are inhaled, resulting in preclinical brain changes. Researchers suggest that there are differences in brain volume between smokers and non-smokers. This review examines these differences on the brain grey matter volume (GMV).

In March/April 2015: MedLine, Embasse and PsycInfo were searched using terms: “grey matter”, “voxel based”, “smoking” and “cigarette”.

Studies found brain GMV decreases in smokers compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, gender specific differences were found, while thalamus and cerebellum was affected in both genders decrease in olfactory gyrus was found only in male smokers. Age group differences were also found and these may suggest pre-existing abnormalities that lead to nicotine dependence in younger individuals. Only one study found positive correlation between number of pack-years and GMV.

Smoking decreases the volume of grey matter in most brain areas. This decrease may be responsible for the cognitive impairment and difficulties with emotional regulation in smokers compared with non-smokers.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Tattoo prevalence among young people assumed epidemic. It transformed into tattoo-addiction (tattoo-mania) and influences significantly on personality psychology and mind. Youth addict-audience with searching, delinquent and psychopathy-like radicals, generated drug addictions is one of tattoo configurations habitation key cohorts.

was to study tattoo-addiction prevalence scale and clinical peculiarities for identification in narcology as sustantional addiction new form.

for the research were information sources: 1) mass media; 2) Internet-monitoring results; 3) own research of students' youth cohort; 4) testing cohort of chemical and substantional addicted respondents.

of the research gave evidence that tattoo-problen in modern human has pivotal constituents of addiction syndrome conforming to ICD-10 clinical criteria: 1) specific tattoo-sensations search («acute intoxication»); 2) stable desire for tattoo-designs persistent refreshing (pathological drive syndrome); 3) (psychological and emotional discomfort sensation on the eve of new tattoo-interventions (withdrawal syndrome psychic equivalent); 4) expansion of dimensions and volumes of tattoo-design and colour scale (tolerance symptom); 5) thirst for tattoo-rage while covering the body with diverse patterns, combined tattoo and piercing (dipsomaniacal state symptom); 6) change of integument localization zones at tattooing (rotation of sensations); 7) tattoo-aggression consequences evidence (skin defects, chronic septic foci, innervation disorders, mental, behavioural disorders). Large-scale involvement, stability and further spread of tattoo-phenomenon: 12% of youth assess situation as «bad» and «awful», the rest 88% – as «excellent», «good», «not bad».

New problem of tattoo-addiction emerged in clinical narcology requires study, identification, working out the program of treatment, prevention and needs considering in new ICD-12 Version.

Yoga has been considered a stress decreasing method in treatment of depression and anxiety disorders whose prevalence is unfortunately increasing gradually.The goal of this study is to evaluate the influence of yoga on depression and anxiety in women referred to yoga clinic.

This is a clinical trial study on all persons who were referred to a yoga clinic for women, from July 2006 to July 2007. All new cases were evaluated on admission using a personal information questionnaire, Beck and Speilberger tests, and then divided into two groups of case and control randomly. The case group (n=34) participated in two weekly yoga classes of 90 min duration for two months. The control group (n=31) were assigned to a waiting list. Both groups were evaluated again after two months.

The average prevalence of depression in the case group before and after yoga course was 12.82 ±7.9 and 10.79 ±6.04 respectively, a statistically insignificant decrease (p=0.13).

However, compared with the control group, the women who participated in yoga classes showed a significant decrease in state anxiety (p=0.03)and trait anxiety (p<0.001).

Participation in a two month yoga class is very likely to lead to significant improvement in anxiety of women who suffer from anxiety disorders.

This study suggests that yoga can be considered as a complementary therapy or an alternative method for medical therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Faced with the global health emergency, a product of Covid-19, the educational system was forced to change its dynamics, assuming new challenges and adapting to virtual environments (Sierra, López, Azar & Trevethan, 2020). In this sense, the teaching task from home supposes an increase in the hours dedicated to their work, since they have seen the need to be trained in digital platforms to be able to respond to the changes derived from confinement; which can quietly generate professional wear and tear.

Analyze the relationship between professional burnout and increased workload on teachers

A cross-sectional study of correlational scope was carried out in 60 (n = 60) teachers, working actively at a higher education institution. A sociodemographic scale was designed to identify the hours dedicated to work before and during confinement and to evaluate professional burnout, the adaptation of the MBI instrument for the Colombian population was used (Barbato, Córdoba, González, Martínez & Tamayo, 2011)

A 50% increase in the workload of teachers was observed during confinement, besides, a statistically significant correlation between professional burnout and the increase in hours dedicated to work (Table 1)

It was possible to conclude that the significant increase in the workload in teachers correlates positively with levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization; however, no correlations were observed between workload and personal achievement of higher education teachers.

Postpartum depression is a common but yet under diagnosed condition that affects new mothers but has also been linked to psycho-emotional and developmental difficulties in the offspring. Autistic disorder is a severe developmental disorder that has a much better prognosis when diagnosed early. The aim of this study was to examine the possible association between maternal postpartum depression and the presence of autistic traits in the offspring.

We undertook a longitudinal study in Athens, Greece, following a cohort of 291 women with questionnaires for 24 months after delivery. The women filled out the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at six and twelve months postpartum and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) at around 18 months after delivery. Both questionnaires are used as screening tools, using a cut-off of 12/30 for the EPDS and 3/23 for the M-CHAT.

95 women who had filled out both the EPDS at 12 months postpartum as well as the M-CHAT were included in the analyses. Self-reported postpartum depression in the mother at 12 months postpartum was strongly associated with the presence of autistic traits in the offspring at 18 months of age (OR= 5.24, 95% CIs 1.15-23.79).

Maternal postpartum depression was found to be associated with the presence of autistic traits in the offspring at 18 months of age. These findings stress the need for early identification of postpartum depression cases and careful follow up of both mother and offspring.

The current study aims to test the hypothesis: Is suicide predictable? And try to classify the predictive factors in multiple suicide attempts.

A cross-sectional study was administered to 223 multiple attempters, women who came to a medical poison centre after a suicide attempt. The participants were young, poor, and single. A Regression Logistic Test was used to classify the predictive factors of suicide.

Women who had multiple suicide attempts exhibited a significant tendency to attempt suicide again. They had a history for more than two years of multiple suicide attempts, from three to as many as 18 times, plus mental illnesses such as depression and substance abuse. They also had a positive history of mental illnesses.

Results indicate that contributing factors for another suicide attempt include previous suicide attempts, mental illness (depression), or a positive history of mental illnesses in the family affecting them at a young age, and substance abuse.

Lurasidone has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia in a series of short-term placebo-controlled trials.

To evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of lurasidone in the long-term treatment of patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Patients who completed a 6 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial received once-daily, flexible-doses of lurasidone, 40–120 mg in a 22 month open-label extension study. An observed case analysis was performed on change from pre-treatment baseline in safety and efficacy parameters.

250 subjects entered the study; 39.8% completed 12 months and 26.8% completed 22 months of treatment. Lurasidone treatment was associated with a mean endpoint change in weight of +0.7 kg. Median endpoint change at Month 12 and Month 24, respectively, was -1.0 and −9.0 mg/dL for total cholesterol; 0.0 and −1.0 mg/dL for LDL; +1.0 and −11.0 mg/dL for triglycerides; +4.0 and +2.0 mg/dL for glucose; 0.0 and +0.1% for HbA1c; and −1.3 and −1.1 ng/mL for prolactin. The mean PANSS total score was 69.5 at extension baseline. The mean (95% CI) endpoint change from extension baseline in PANSS total score was −0.5 (95%-CI: −0.7, −0.3). Overall, 14.7% of patients discontinued due to an adverse event. Adverse events occurring with an incidence ≥10% were schizophrenia (12.4%), akathisia (10.8%) and somnolence (10.8%).

In this 22 month extension study, treatment with lurasidone was associated with minimal effects on weight, glucose, and lipids. Subjects demonstrated sustained improvement in the PANSS total score for up to 24 months of lurasidone treatment.

This is a case-control study which was conducted in children below 12 years of age from June 2013 to May 2014 at outpatient child psychiatry clinic at Elhussin Hospital Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

The study was based on 62 cases and 30 controls. The data collection instrument included socio-demographic & Children Attention and Adjustment Survey (House form){CAAS}. And interview by (Diagnostic Interview Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) to exclude other psychiatric morbidity. clinical data, serum 25(OH) Vitamin D. Descriptive statistical analysis were performed, Pearson Chi2 test (χ2) and Student (t) test.

1-Vitamin D level was much lower in ADHD children compared to healthy children, and was a significant difference in the mean values of vitamin D between ADHD(23 ± 13) and control group means (44 ± 12) and P value was > 0.001 and was significant difference between subgroup of ADHD, means of inattentive subtype was(20 ± 13) hyper active subtype (30.1 ± 5)and combined subtype(24.04 ± 4). P value 0.011*.

Children with ADHD had significantly lower levels of VITAMIN D than healthy, and inattention subtype than other types of ADHD.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are frequent in dementia and their contribution to poor health outcomes is well recognized. Four major frameworks attempt an explanation their aetiology: biological, behavioural, environmental vulnerability and unmet needs models. The latter states that BPSD are symptoms of needs that are not being met due to patients’ decreased ability to communicate/fulfil them. This model also implies that if needs were met, BPSD would improve.

To explore the relation between needs and BPSD, and describe which unmet needs were contributing to BPSD in an elderly sample.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in three Portuguese nursing homes. All residents were considered eligible. However, those unwilling or unable to participate were excluded. For each elderly patient, needs were assessed with camberwell assessment of need for the elderly/cane and BPSD with European Portuguese neuropsychiatric inventory/NPI.

The final sample included 166 elderly with an average of 80.9(sd = 10.2) years. Significant correlations between NPI and unmet and global needs were found (rs = 0.181,P = 0.020; rs = 0.254,P = 0.001, respectively). Additionally, the unmet needs of daytime activities (P = 0.019), company (P = 0.028) and behaviour (P = 0.001), presented significant correlations with NPI.

In this sample, a high number of unmet needs were found. The absence of daytime activities, company and behaviour contributed to the identified BPSD, which is in line with other studies also highlighting the importance of these needs in nursing homes. This not only provides a framework for understanding BPSD, but also points to the identification of unmet needs as pivotal in prevention and treatment of these symptoms.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

This was a quasi experimental study which covered 34 Women with Multiple Sclerosis in Iran Multiple Sclerosis Society. The samples have been selected through purposive sampling and then Random assignment into intervention (16 Samples) and control group (18 Samples). Intervention was Yang style Tai Chi Chuan classes twice a week for 3 months (12 weeks). In this study demographic questionnaire, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Multiple Sclerosis quality of life questionnaire (MSQOL-54 scale) were used to collect data.

In the Tai Chi intervention group there was a significant improvement in mean comparison of balance score (P= 0.03) and global score of Quality of life (P = 0.00), also its subscales such as Pain (P = 0.03), Energy (P = 0.00), Overall quality of life (P = 0.01), Role limitation due to emotional problems (P = 0.04), Social Function (P= 0.03) and in Physical Health Composite Score (P = 0.03) after Tai Chi training intervention. (P< 0.05) In the control group, no statistically significant improvement was found in mean comparison of balance and Quality of life scores after 12 weeks. (P > 0.05)

The results suggested that Tai Chi Chuan could be an alternative exercise intervention to increase balance and quality of life in patient with Multiple Sclerosis.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of group music therapy to improve the depression and cognitive function of elderly persons with dementia.

This was a randomized clinical trial design with permuted block randomization.

Three nursing homes in Taiwan.

Of the 104 elderly persons with dementia randomly assigned to the experimental or control group, 100 completed the study: 49 in the experimental group and 51 in the control group.

The experimental group received 12 sessions of group music therapy of 30 min each. the control group maintained routine activities of daily living.

Groups were compared for depression and cognitive function before the intervention, at the 6th and 12th session and one month after cessation. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to estimate repeated effects of music therapy.

Results indicated that: 1) depression decreased at the 12th session (P < 0.001); 2) cortisol level was not significant decreased in the experimental and control group after music therapy; and 3) cognitive function improved significantly at 6th, 12th session, and one month follow-up (P < 0.044; P < 0.001; P < 0.026). Music therapy is more appropriate for mild and moderate dementia. the music therapy had more impact on dementia elders’ function of recall than on orientation, registration, attention and calculation, language and spatial.

Depression in elderly with dementia can be decreased and their cognitive function improved slightly through group music therapy. the mechanism behind the diminished cortisol levels in the effects of music therapy in dementia remains to be determined.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.