Resilience enables people to develop and regain mental health in the face of adversity, and is related to recovery. There are no current measures of resilience for Bipolar Disorder (BD).

To develop and validate a BD specific resilience measure, and examine relationships between resilience and recovery-related variables.

(1) Describe the development and psychometric evaluation of the Spanish 23-item Resilience to Bipolar Disorder (RBD) questionnaire. (2) Test relationships between RBD scores and recovery-related variables in BD.

The 41-item RBD questionnaire (developed based on prior qualitative research) was completed by 113 participants with BD, along with measures related to quality of life, functioning and recovery. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using Principal Axis Factoring with promax rotation was conducted to identify redundant items and underlying factors. Reliability and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for the resulting factorial structure were assessed.

EFA identified 23RBD items suitable for retention, structured within five factors. Cronbach αs were all satisfactory (all αs ≥ .76) at both subscale and total score level. Convergent validity was supported through positive correlations between RBDand the Resilience Scale-25. Additionally, the RBD correlated significantlywith quality of life, well-being, personal recovery, functional impairment and symptoms. CFA fit indexes supported the five factor structure of the RBD scale.

TheRBD is a reliable and valid measure of resilience in BD, being associated with measures related to quality of life, functioning and recovery, which is consistent with previous research in resilience and mental health in other psychiatric populations.

Concomitant antipsychotic prescription is common in clinical psychiatry, although it is not an evidence-based practice. The aim of the study was to describe the prescription of antipsychotics in inpatients with schizophrenia and identify which are the factors associated with this tendency.

We reviewed retrospectively the psychotropic drugs prescribed at the time of discharge of 177 inpatients who met criteria for schizophrenia [DSM-IV-TR] on an acute psychiatry unit from 2007 to 2008.

One hundred and two patients (57.6%) were male. Mean age (SD) was 38.1 (14.6) years. The percentage of patients discharged on treatment with two or more antipsychotics was 43.5%. Although in the strict sense we should not consider it as polipharmacy, the most frequent combination was long acting injectable risperidone with oral risperidone (21.5%), followed by long acting injectable typical antipsychotic with oral risperidone (3.4%). There was a significant association between the number of prescribed antipsychotics and the total number of previous hospitalizations and the number of hospitalizations during the previous year (ANOVA p=0.001 and p< 0.001 respectively). No correlation was found between polypharmacy and age. There was a significant association between the number of antipsychotics prescribed and the use of anticholinergic treatment (t-test p=0.005).

Our polypharmacy rates are comparable with prior European data (30-76%). Despite of the clinical guidelines, antipsychotic polipharmacy is an extended therapeutic strategy not necessarily related with resistant schizophrenia. Most of the antipsychotic associations identified are not evidenced-based practice. More clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of different combinations.

The traditional diathesis-stress model states that cognitive vulnerabilities in interaction with stressors predict the increase of depression. However, the relationships between these variables can be much more complex, with each variable influencing each other.

The present study is based on the transactional cognitive vulnerability to stress model (Hankin & Abramson, 2001) and assesses the bidirectional relationships between cognitions, depression and stressors over time.

To understand the dynamics between stress, depression, and cognitions.

1350 adolescents (47% girls & 53% boys; Age Mean = 15.86) were assessed at the beginning of the school year and at follow-up 6 months later. They completed measures of three cognitive vulnerabilities (maladaptive schemas, negative inferential style, and rumination), negative life events and depressive symptoms. A fully cross-lagged design panel was carried out.

Stressors and all cognitive vulnerabilities but rumination predicted the increase in depression at T2. Both initial levels of depression and cognitive vulnerabilities predicted the increase in dependent stressors. Initial levels of stressors predicted an increase in rumination, hopelessness inferences, and maladaptive schemas over time. Finally, initial level of depression predicted the increase in hopelessness inferences and maladaptive schemas. the bidirectional relationships between variables were very similar for boys and girls.

The study supports not only the role of some cognitive styles as vulnerabilities for depression, but also the stress generation and the scar hypothesis. the findings support a transactional model with reciprocal relationships between stress, depression and cognitive vulnerabilities.

Undoubtedly any health care system could not meeting all of needs of people. so prioritizing of the needs is necessary. Needs assessment does not mean one need is superior to another perfectly. It is determing the most important needs, determing common needs and importance of each need in health care planning. the aim of this study is to assess psycho- Emotional needs of female adolescents.

In this cross-sectional study 2010 middle and high school female adolescents were recruited from randomly selected schools in Mazandaran province-Iran. Psycho- Emotional needs of participants were assessed by completing a self-administrated culturally-sensitive Iranian Female Adolescents Health Needs Questionnaire (IFAHNQ). Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Independent T-Test, One-Way Anova and Multivariate regression.

There was a meaningful relationship between psycho- Emotional needs' score of adolescents with their age and their mothers' education. Mean score of needs of urban adolescents was significantly higher than rural.

Ignoring adolescnts' psycho- Emotional needs and not to attempting for meeting them could lead to irrecoverable serious problems in the future of adolescent mental health.

Familial aggregation of major depression might indicate a genetic liability for the disorder. The complete disorder or, alternatively, only some individual symptoms might be inherited. Under the latter condition, an increased frequency of inherited symptoms might consecutively increase the likelihood to reach the threshold for depression in relatives and, thus, might cause the familial aggregation of depression. Up to now, no study investigated the possibility of a relationship between individual depressive symptoms and the familial aggregation of depression.

The familial aggregation of early-onset depression (age-at-onset < 60 years, EOD) but less so of late-onset depression (LOD) has been shown in this sample. To assess the hypothesis of an inheritance of individual depressive symptoms as a possible cause of the familial aggregation of depression, frequencies of symptoms were compared in relatives of depressed patients and of controls using forward logistic regression analyses.

Some individual depressive symptoms showed clustering in relatives of patients with depression, but the pattern of inheritance was inconsistent, i.e. the clustering of symptoms was different between non-depressed and depressed relatives of patients with EOD and LOD, respectively. No intra-familial clustering of specific depressive symptoms within families of depressed subjects could be observed.

Due to the inconsistencies in the clustering of individual symptoms in non-depressed and depressed relatives and the lack of intra-familial clustering, the familial aggregation of depression is unlikely to be caused by the aggregation of individual depressive symptoms. An inheritance of the vulnerability for complete depressive disorders influenced by environmental factors is more likely.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is a common, highly co-morbid disorder. Subjected to comparatively little research, OCPD shares aspects of phenomenology and neuropsychology with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A greater understanding of this interrelationship would provide new insights into its diagnostic classification and generate new research and treatment heuristics.

To investigate the distribution of OCPD traits within a cohort of OCD patients. To evaluate the clinical overlap between traits of OCPD, OCD and ASD, as well as level of insight and treatment resistance.

We interviewed 73 consenting patients from a treatment seeking OCD Specialist Service. We evaluated the severity of OCPD traits (Compulsive Personality Assessment Scale; CPAS), OCD symptoms (Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Y-BOCS), ASD traits (Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient; AQ) and insight (Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale; BABS).

Out of 67 patients, 24 (36%) met DSM-IV criteria for OCPD, defined using the CPAS. Using Pearson's test, CPAS scores significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with total AQ and selected AQ domains but not with BABS. Borderline significant correlation was observed with Y-BOCS (P = 0.07). OCPD was not over-represented in a highly resistant OCD subgroup.

Disabling OCPD traits are common in the OCD clinic. They strongly associate with ASD traits, less strongly with OCD severity and do not appear related to poor insight or highly treatment-resistant OCD. The impact of OCPD on OCD treatment outcomes requires further research.

This work did not receive funding from external sources. Over the past few years, Dr. Fineberg has received financial support in various forms from the following: Shire, Otsuka, Lundbeck, Glaxo-SmithKline, Servier, Cephalon, Astra Zeneca, Jazz pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Medical Research Council (UK), National Institute for Health Research (UK), Wellcome Foundation, European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, UK College of Mental Health Pharmacists, British Association for Psychopharmacology, International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, International Society for Behavioural Addiction, World Health Organization, Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Impaired cardiac autonomic regulation is likely important contributor to a potential cardiac complications in major depression. The knowledge regarding the depression effect on cardiac regulation in adolescent age is limited. Aim was to study short-term heart rate variability (HRV) as an index of cardiac autonomic control in never-treated major depressive disorder (MDD) adolescent patients using linear and nonlinear methods related to depressive symptoms severity.

We have examined 20 MDD girls and 20 healthy age-matched girls at the age from 15 to 18 years. The ECG was recorded in three positions: supine - orthostasis - supine. The HRV was analyzed using linear (time and frequency analysis) and novel nonlinear (symbolic dynamics, time assymetry) methods. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the scales Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI).

Several HRV linear and nonlinear parameters were significantly reduced in MDD group compared to controls in supine rest and during orthostasis. The HRV nonlinear analysis indices significantly correlated with depressive symptoms severity.

Linear and nonlinear analyses revealed reduced magnitude and complexity of the HRV indicating impaired neurocardiac regulation in adolescent major depression. In addition, new approach of HRV analysis using nonlinear methods provided important information about depressive symptoms severity and cardiac autonomic regulation relations.

To investigate the plasma levels of IL-18, MIP-1α, MCP-1, SDF-1 and RANTES in major depression before and after treatment.

Twenty healthy volunteers and 40 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were involved in the current study. Depressed subjects had moderate or major depression according to the DSM-IV criteria. The HAMD scale was used to measure the efficacy after the 8-week treatment with fluoxetine hydrochloride. All subjects gave their written informed consents and were recruited from outpatients and inpatients of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital between October 2004 and November 2005.The plasma levels of IL-18, MIP-1α, MCP-1, SDF-1 and RANTES in major depression were measured by ELISA before and after fluoxetine treatment.

HAMD score were significantly decreased after the treatment (P<0.001), there were seven cases score of after treatment <7,. At the time of admission, the plasma levels of IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1α, SDF-1 and RANTES were significantly higher in the MDD than those in the healthy controls (P<0.001). In MDD, the cytokine values were significantly decreased after the treatment, including IL-18 (P=0.005), MCP-1 (P=0.001), MIP-1α (P<0.001, SDF-1 (P=0.004) and RANTES (P<0.001), but still significantly higher than those in the healthy controls (P<0.001).

These findings suggest that major depression is accompanied by the immune activation, and the antidepressant treatments have anti-inflammatory effects. The remaining depression symptom after treatment may be related to the higher level of cytokines.

The Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) 29-Item, each involving the selection of four options that are different for each item. Although there is an Arabic version, it is not identical to the original version in terms of the number of items and response.

to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic adaptation OHI and its factorial structure in undergraduate sample.

The participants were 720 first year undergraduate Kuwaitis: 360 males mean age = 20.38 ± 1.60 and 360 females; mean age = 19.71 ± 1.39 (t = 5.87, P < 0.001). The Arabic version of OHI (Argyle, Martin, & Crossland) was administered to participants. The internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the OHI with Life Orientation Test (LOT-R, Adult Hope Scale (AHS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were assessed as well as divergent validity of the OHI with Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)

Internal consistency was satisfactory for the OHI (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) for males and (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) for females. The results revealed no significant gender differences on happiness (F = 1.77, P > 05). Principal component analyses (PCA) showed that a seven-component solution explains %50.50 of the total variance for males and 51.47% for females. The OHI positively correlates with the following variables: SWLS (r = .52), LOT-R (r = 0.56) AHS (r = .48) while the OHI correlates negatively with BDI-II (r = -54).

Findings confirm that the OHI provides satisfactory validation, and thus it can be recommended as a measure of happiness among Arab samples.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Social withdrawal is a potential signals of distress and mental illness such as psychosis, mood disorders, anxiety (Kirkcaldy & Siefen, 2012). The term 'hikikomori” defines a particular form of social withdrawal recognized in Japan at the end of the last century (Saito, 1998). At the moment in all the west world (United States, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy) there is an increasing frequency of adolescents and young people who show symptoms of hikikomori like a life style centered on the own home and refusal of the school.

Requests to take care of social withdrawal teenagers (hikikomori) are increasing. This work describes two cases in treatment of early adolescents.

Authors analyse the terapeutic steps of the clinical treatment of two very young teenegers arrived to the Public Health Service because their extreme social withdrawal. The work focusses the attention on the relationship with the patients, the families and the social context.

The two cases show that the treatment of hikikomori sindrome is complex. A single type of approach (e.g. individual psychoterapy or family therapy) is not sufficient. Combining different patterns it is possible to create a network of treatments able to promote the resources of subject and of his/her familiar and social context.

Results underline the necessity of increasing the clinical knowledges on the social withdrawal sindrome and creating new protocols useful for the treatment.

Psychological well-being has an important impact on individuals. In the face of the health threat of COVID-19, psychological changes as fear stress anxiety and depression is reported.

Explore the prevalence of depression and anxiety among people under quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia.

A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 65 participants who were quarantined at multiple hotels under the supervision of the Saudi Ministry of Health. The patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety.

The majority of the participants were male (66.2%), aged 18–29 (47.7%) from the Eastern region (66.15%), who were still waiting for the result of the COVID-19 test (64.6%). Approximately half of the sample had depressive and anxiety symptoms (49.2% and 44.6%, respectively). The depression mean score was significantly higher only among the 18–29 age group. However, the depression and anxiety mean scores were higher among females than males and among participants with positive COVID-19 test results compared to those who had pending or negative results. The anxiety mean score was higher during the first week of quarantine, but the depression mean score was higher during later weeks.

Depression and anxiety were prevalent among people in quarantine during the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia. It is crucial to study the most effective interventions to reduce the psychological consequences, especially for vulnerable groups. Longitudinal research studies need to be conducted to follow up regarding participants’ mental health symptoms and evidence-based interventions.

No significant relationships.