nowadays drug abuse and addiction is one of the most important health,social and political problems in the world. substance use among university students is a mental health concern. people with depression have high rates of comorbidity with other mental disorders and substance use disorders. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, substance use and the relationship between depression and substance use among student of guilan university of medical sciences(GUMS).

this was a cross-sectional study carried out on a representative sample of 254 students(n=167girls;n=87boys) of GUMS. The samples were selected randomly by stratified sampling. data was collected using a confidential multiple choice questionnaire detecting the frequency of various substance use. the beck depression inventory(BDI)were used to determine depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed by chi-square and exact fisher test using SPSS ver 16software.

results showed that the prevalence rate of each substance in use was: Opium (1.2%), Morphine (0.4%), cannabis (1.2%), Cocaine (0.4%), codeine (7.5%), Ritalin (2%), tramadol (4.7%) cristal (0.4%), Amphetamines (0.8%),cigarette (8.3%), alcohol(7.1%). according to BDI,(29.9%)of students had depression.there were significant differences between the prevalence of substance use with gender(p=0/0001),parent marital status(p=0/01)and depression(p=0/01).

This study demonstrated that the substance use among students is considerably high and specific interventions seem to be necessary in preventing or reducing the rate of substance use in students. Reading the result of this study,it is suggested that parents and universities authorities have a better over solving students emotional and social problems.

An expanding body of research suggests that childhood trauma and adverse experiences can lead to a variety of negative health outcomes, including substance abuse, depressive disorders, and attempted suicide among adolescents and adults. Alcoholism, depressed affect, and illicit drug use, which are strongly associated with such experiences, appear to partially mediate this relationship as observed in population studies.

We have tested the association between early trauma and suicide attempts in a sample of suicide attempters from the Eureca International Project and a matched healthy control sample.

We have studied the prevalence of childhood stressful events compared with healthy controls in a multicentre sample of 791 suicide attempters (SA) and 630 healthy controls (C), we have measured childhood parental neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Chi2 tests were performed using SPSS v15.0.

A significant increase in prevalence of childhood trauma was found in the suicide attempters sample for all types of trauma: childhood physical abuse: 25.3% (SA) vs. 11.1% (C) (Chi2 test: 120,108 P = 0.000); childhood sexual abuse: 18.2% (SA) vs. 2.4% (C) (Chi2 test: 88,212 P = 0.000); parental neglect 25.3% (SA) vs. 1.1% (C) (Chi2 test: 164,910 P = 0.000); childhood emotional abuse: 34.9% (SA) vs. 5.6% (C) (Chi2 test: 176,546 P = 0.000).

Suicide attempters were increasingly overrepresented compared with controls if experiencing more than 1 trauma: represented 77% of the sample who suffered 1 type of childhood trauma vs. more than 90% of the sample with 2 or more types of trauma.

A powerful graded relationship exists between adverse childhood experiences and risk of attempted suicide.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Tattoo prevalence among young people assumed epidemic. It transformed into tattoo-addiction (tattoo-mania) and influences significantly on personality psychology and mind. Youth addict-audience with searching, delinquent and psychopathy-like radicals, generated drug addictions is one of tattoo configurations habitation key cohorts.

was to study tattoo-addiction prevalence scale and clinical peculiarities for identification in narcology as sustantional addiction new form.

for the research were information sources: 1) mass media; 2) Internet-monitoring results; 3) own research of students' youth cohort; 4) testing cohort of chemical and substantional addicted respondents.

of the research gave evidence that tattoo-problen in modern human has pivotal constituents of addiction syndrome conforming to ICD-10 clinical criteria: 1) specific tattoo-sensations search («acute intoxication»); 2) stable desire for tattoo-designs persistent refreshing (pathological drive syndrome); 3) (psychological and emotional discomfort sensation on the eve of new tattoo-interventions (withdrawal syndrome psychic equivalent); 4) expansion of dimensions and volumes of tattoo-design and colour scale (tolerance symptom); 5) thirst for tattoo-rage while covering the body with diverse patterns, combined tattoo and piercing (dipsomaniacal state symptom); 6) change of integument localization zones at tattooing (rotation of sensations); 7) tattoo-aggression consequences evidence (skin defects, chronic septic foci, innervation disorders, mental, behavioural disorders). Large-scale involvement, stability and further spread of tattoo-phenomenon: 12% of youth assess situation as «bad» and «awful», the rest 88% – as «excellent», «good», «not bad».

New problem of tattoo-addiction emerged in clinical narcology requires study, identification, working out the program of treatment, prevention and needs considering in new ICD-12 Version.

Yoga has been considered a stress decreasing method in treatment of depression and anxiety disorders whose prevalence is unfortunately increasing gradually.The goal of this study is to evaluate the influence of yoga on depression and anxiety in women referred to yoga clinic.

This is a clinical trial study on all persons who were referred to a yoga clinic for women, from July 2006 to July 2007. All new cases were evaluated on admission using a personal information questionnaire, Beck and Speilberger tests, and then divided into two groups of case and control randomly. The case group (n=34) participated in two weekly yoga classes of 90 min duration for two months. The control group (n=31) were assigned to a waiting list. Both groups were evaluated again after two months.

The average prevalence of depression in the case group before and after yoga course was 12.82 ±7.9 and 10.79 ±6.04 respectively, a statistically insignificant decrease (p=0.13).

However, compared with the control group, the women who participated in yoga classes showed a significant decrease in state anxiety (p=0.03)and trait anxiety (p<0.001).

Participation in a two month yoga class is very likely to lead to significant improvement in anxiety of women who suffer from anxiety disorders.

This study suggests that yoga can be considered as a complementary therapy or an alternative method for medical therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Faced with the global health emergency, a product of Covid-19, the educational system was forced to change its dynamics, assuming new challenges and adapting to virtual environments (Sierra, López, Azar & Trevethan, 2020). In this sense, the teaching task from home supposes an increase in the hours dedicated to their work, since they have seen the need to be trained in digital platforms to be able to respond to the changes derived from confinement; which can quietly generate professional wear and tear.

Analyze the relationship between professional burnout and increased workload on teachers

A cross-sectional study of correlational scope was carried out in 60 (n = 60) teachers, working actively at a higher education institution. A sociodemographic scale was designed to identify the hours dedicated to work before and during confinement and to evaluate professional burnout, the adaptation of the MBI instrument for the Colombian population was used (Barbato, Córdoba, González, Martínez & Tamayo, 2011)

A 50% increase in the workload of teachers was observed during confinement, besides, a statistically significant correlation between professional burnout and the increase in hours dedicated to work (Table 1)

It was possible to conclude that the significant increase in the workload in teachers correlates positively with levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization; however, no correlations were observed between workload and personal achievement of higher education teachers.

Lurasidone has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia in a series of short-term placebo-controlled trials.

To evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of lurasidone in the long-term treatment of patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Patients who completed a 6 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial received once-daily, flexible-doses of lurasidone, 40–120 mg in a 22 month open-label extension study. An observed case analysis was performed on change from pre-treatment baseline in safety and efficacy parameters.

250 subjects entered the study; 39.8% completed 12 months and 26.8% completed 22 months of treatment. Lurasidone treatment was associated with a mean endpoint change in weight of +0.7 kg. Median endpoint change at Month 12 and Month 24, respectively, was -1.0 and −9.0 mg/dL for total cholesterol; 0.0 and −1.0 mg/dL for LDL; +1.0 and −11.0 mg/dL for triglycerides; +4.0 and +2.0 mg/dL for glucose; 0.0 and +0.1% for HbA1c; and −1.3 and −1.1 ng/mL for prolactin. The mean PANSS total score was 69.5 at extension baseline. The mean (95% CI) endpoint change from extension baseline in PANSS total score was −0.5 (95%-CI: −0.7, −0.3). Overall, 14.7% of patients discontinued due to an adverse event. Adverse events occurring with an incidence ≥10% were schizophrenia (12.4%), akathisia (10.8%) and somnolence (10.8%).

In this 22 month extension study, treatment with lurasidone was associated with minimal effects on weight, glucose, and lipids. Subjects demonstrated sustained improvement in the PANSS total score for up to 24 months of lurasidone treatment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Infertile males experience considerable psychological distress, with feelings of inadequacy, marginalization, guilt and loss ofself-esteem.

Our study aims to investigate the impact of male infertility on men’s self-esteem and to study risk factorsfor low self-esteem.

We conducted a cross sectional, descriptive and analytical study, including 108 infertile men who presented to the laboratory of reproductive biology and the unit of assisted medical procreation of Military Hospital of Tunis between June and September 2019. For each patient, we collected sociodemographic and clinical data. We used Rosenberg scale to assess self-esteem.

The average age of participants was 36.8 years. Eleven patients had a history of varicocele (10.18%) and six of them sufferedfrom associated erectile dysfunction (5.55%). Infertility was primary in most of patients (77.8%) with an average duration of 3.32 years. 25% of patients had at least one previous failed assisted reproductive attempt. Spermogram abnormalities were found in 78.7% of patients. The mean score of Rosenberg scale was 30.68±4.35. Low self-esteem was associated with older age (p=0.006), lower educational level (p=0.019) and longer duration of infertility (p=0.022). Men who had children had better self-esteem (p=0.022). No associations were found between self-esteem and erectile dysfunction or previous failed assisted reproductive technique attempt.

Our results show that infertility reduces men’s self-esteem, especially of patients with lower educational level and longer duration of infertility. Physician dealing with infertility should be aware of these psychosocial aspects and offer help when needed.

The 48-item EPQR-S is a short version of EPQ-R widely used to assess neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), psychoticism (P) and Lie scale (L) for research purposes. The EPQR-S was chosen for the Arab population because it is a well-established Eysenck theory of personality.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic EPQR-S.

The EPQ-R S, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI-3) were administered to 1842 (538 males, 1304 females) Kuwait University undergraduates with a mean age = 20.42 ± 1.42. The internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the EPQR-S with EPQ and NEO–FFI-3 were assessed.

Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory for N (0.76), E (0.72), L (0.70) and low for P. (0.60). The results revealed significant gender differences in P & E with a favor for males and in N & L a favor with females. PCA showed that EPQR-S four factors explains 52.48% of the total variance. Moreover, the high correlations between the EPQR-S and EPQ scales, with coefficients of (0.92) for the N, (0.88) for the E, (0.78) for the L, and (0.76) for the P as the majority of items of the dimensions of the EPQR-S are the same with those of the EPQ. Furthermore, there were high correlations between the same scales of the EPQR-S and NEO–FFI-3, with coefficients of (0.67) for the N scales, and (0.52) for the E scales.

The findings support the psychometric properties N, E, L scales only.

No significant relationships.

Approximately a third of patients with schizophrenia show limited response to antipsychotic medication. As several studies have been suggesting new classifications to schizophrenia, our aim is to review different hypothesis and seek a new way of approaching patient's treatment in day-to-day practice.

The methods we used consisted on reviewing several papers that have recently been published on the area of classification and treatment of schizophrenia, considering an approach to the findings that enables a practical and clinical advantage in the area.

New studies suggest that neuroimaging measures of dopamine and glutamate function might provide a means of stratifying patients with psychosis according to their response to treatment. Some of those studies associate treatment response with the anterior cingulate level of glutamate and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Other study identified three biotypes with different outcomes to psychosis, reaching a stronger association between biotypes as predictors of illness severity than the DSM-V classification. If a correlation between these studies was found, we would be able, in theory, to predict the response to treatment using simple and affordable neurobiological measures.

Associating the anterior cingulate glutamate levels, the striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and biotypes hypothesis in schizophrenia, one can expect to be possible to predict the degree of response to treatment, based on more affordable methods to day-to-day clinicians than the measure of neurotransmitter levels, enabling the regular clinicians to narrow their pharmacological options for patients, achieving better results in the approach to schizophrenia.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To evaluate the effectiveness of extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) as once-daily monotherapy for manic symptoms in bipolar I disorder.

In this 3-week, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind study, adults with bipolar I disorder (most recent episode manic or mixed; with or without rapid cycling) were randomized to once-daily treatment with either quetiapine XR (n=149; Day 1, 300 mg; Day 2, 600 mg; Day 3 through Week 3, 400-800 mg flexibly dosed) or placebo (n=159). Primary outcome measure was change from baseline to Week 3 in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score. Secondary outcome measures included YMRS response and remission and change in Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar (CGI-BP)-Severity of Illness and -Change scales. Change from baseline was compared between groups with analysis of covariance, using the last observation carried forward approach for missing data.

Once-daily quetiapine XR was associated with significant, sustained improvement in manic symptoms compared with placebo, beginning on Day 4 (P< 0.001) and continuing through Week 3 (mean change: -14.34 versus -10.52; P< 0.001). At Week 3, quetiapine XR-treated patients showed significantly greater response (P< 0.01) and remission (P< 0.01) rates and improvement in CGI-BP-associated scores than placebo-treated patients. Adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity, the most common being sedation, dry mouth, and somnolence for quetiapine XR.

Once-daily quetiapine XR monotherapy (400-800 mg) was efficacious (from Day 4 through Week 3) and generally well tolerated in the treatment of manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.

Supported by funding from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Psychiatrists are particularly exposed to the risk of being victims of stalking (repeated persecution, unwanted communicating & contact causing fear) by patients.

To summarize the latest research findings on this topic. We conducted a literature review on Medline sources. Key words: Stalking by patients, psychiatrists, mental health professionals.

Up to 20% of psychiatrists have been victims of stalking, at least once. Stalkers are usually male, single & unemployed, and under the care of the clinician; 3/4 of them suffer from a psychotic and/or personality disorder(s), mainly cluster B personality disorder(s). Duration of stalking varies between several weeks and could reach 16 years. Methods of harassment include intrusive approaches, loitering near the victim, telephone calls, following the victim, spreading gossip, violating property, and sending unwanted material (letters, sexual material etc). Victims most commonly express fear, anger, helplessness or even PTSD symptoms. Stalked psychiatrists are usually male consultants but also at risk are inexperienced trainees. Most victims search assistance and counselling from colleagues, family, friends, police or lawyers.

Countermeasures include modifying professional style, taking more precautions at work, changing telephone number, increasing home security; in serious cases residence change is needed. Any attempt of the victim to contact the stalker gets things worse.

Whether the stalker's behaviour is motivated by anger, envy, delusion, or because of misunderstandings about the nature of the psychotherapeutic relationship (false sense of intimacy), psychiatrists should maintain high levels of attention. the threat of stalking should not be underestimated.

With increasing numbers of previous traumatic experiences, a rising risk of psychiatric morbidity and in particular post-traumatic stress disorder following an acute trauma has been reported. This dose-effect relationship was called the building block effect. Most results are derived from studies on riot and prosecution victims. We investigated victims of a natural disaster with respect to the building block effect due to prior traumatization.

We assessed tourists who had been affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 using the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory. Outcome variables were related to the numbers or prior civil trauma according to the trauma history scale of the PDS.

We found a building block effect for the development of anxiety (P = 0.018) and by trend with PTSD symptoms (P = 0.06), but not with depressive symptoms (P = 0.436). Prior traumatization and the actual Tsunami exposure significantly explained variance of personal posttraumatic growth (P = 0.013). Prior interpersonal traumata emerged as a strong risk factor for the development of posttraumatic psychiatric morbidity.

We suggest that an increasing number of trauma is closely associated with anxiety but not with depressive disorders in the aftermath of natural disasters. For clinical practice, it is necessary to ask victims of natural disasters about prior traumatization, in particular about prior interpersonal trauma.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To investigate associations between perfectionism dimensions and psychological distress 421 pregnant women (M=29.8, SD=4.48 years) completed measures of Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP), Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Soares et al., 2003), mood (POMS; McNair et al., 1971; Azevedo et al., 1991) and depressive symptomatology (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996; Coelho et al., 2002).

A 2-factor model of Perfectionism with SOP and SPP dimensions and a 3-factor model with SOP, SPP-Others’ High Standards and SPP-Conditional Acceptance factors were explored. Correlations and Linear Regressions were calculated between perfectionism factors and mood variables/depressive symptoms.

Higher levels of SPP factors were in general associated with increased Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Fatigue and Confusion, with decreased Vigour and with more severe depressive symptomatology. SPP dimension and both SPP sub-scales explained depressive symptoms.

Our results, in contrast with those from the study of Campbell and DiPaula (2002) did not confirm a preferential association between SPP-Conditional Acceptance and psychological distress (PD), revealing that both components of SPP were associated with PD.

The people who seem to have less social support And suffer lack of multiple social supports are more likely at risk to drug abuse.

This research was an experimental with pre-test post-test design with randomly assigned 30 patients referred to drug addiction treatment centers in experimental and control groups. present aim at testing the effect of eight, 2- hour sessions of stress management training based on cognitive behavioral techniques. Subjects were tested at the beginning and at the end of the project with (SSQ).

Study findings showed that the subjects of experimental group that were under the intervention(training)compared with control group showed significantly better scores and test effectiveness.

Interventions based on cognitive – behavioral approaches, is effective treatment that it can alters behavioral and cognitive factors associated with substance abuse and be as an efficient model for the prevention of drug abuse and also after treatment.

Reduction of mental productivity and motivation in patients with schizophrenia is one of the core features of negative symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Lack of motivation affects social functioning and outcomes, reduces effects of psychosocial treatment and rehabilitation.

To research AES abilities in measuring motivation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate correlations of Russian translation of clinician-rated and self-rated versions with PANSS amotivation subscale and negative subscale items.

Fifty patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were recruited to participate in the study and were assessed with PANSS, AES-C and AES-S by trained raters. Only patients in “stabilized” state that met inclusion criteria of PANSS total score ≤ 80 points were eligible for consecutive AES assessment.

Overall, moderate positive correlations were established between AES-C and PANSS amotivation subscale N2 and N4 items, N6 item and total PANSS negative subscale. No significant correlations with G16 item were registered. AES-C and AES-S versions also showed positive Spearman correlations (r = 0.43; P < 0.05), while no correlations between AES-S and amotivation PANSS items were registered.

Moderately strong correlations between AES-C and PANSS N2, N4 and N6 items show feasibility of AES-C version in terms of measuring motivation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Results of AES-S analysis demonstrate certain problems in patients’ abilities in self-assessing motivation. Patients with prevailing paranoid syndrome showed poorer results in AES-S scores.

AES-C is a sensitive psychometric tool with good properties in measuring amotivation in patients with schizophrenia.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Harmane is a beta-carboline, which binds to imidazoline receptors and it has been previously shown that it may have an antidepressant effect when administered acutely. This study is planned to investigate the effect of harmane on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model and microglial (Iba-1) immunoreactivity in the same model as markers of neuroinflammation.

Male Wistar Albino rats (290–360 g) were divided into groups such as control (saline), CUMS, CUMS + Imipramine (20 mg/kg; i.p.), CUMS + Harmane5 (5 mg/kg; i.p.), CUMS + Harmane10 (10 mg/kg; i.p.) groups (n = 10–12 in each). In CUMS model, various stressors were applied for 40 days. On day 20, harmane administration was started for 20 days. At the end, sucrose preference and forced swimming tests were performed. Then, brains were removed with paraformaldehyde perfusion for Iba-1 immunohistochemical analysis in hippocampus. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis.

The time of immobility in forced swim test was significantly reduced while sucrose preference was increased in Imipramine and CUMS + harmane10 groups. In immunohistochemical experiments, Iba-1 were overexpressed in CUMS group and Harmane significantly reduced the overexpression of Iba-1.

Our results suggest that chronic administration of harmane has an antidepressant-like activity in chronic stress model of depression. These results support the notion of imidazoline receptors involvement in depression by modulating neuroinflammation and at least a part of its antidepressant effect might be through modulating microglial activation as a reflection of neuroinflammation.

This research was supported by Marmara University, Scientific Research Projects – SAG-C-YLP-110915-0415 and SAG-E-120613-0233.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The present research have done with concentration on examining the impact of selected and divided attention-shaping training in reinforcing attention and the academic improvement and self-efficacy of primary school children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was a quasi-experimental design with per- and post-test and follow-up with control group. Statistical society contained all of the primary school children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in Rafsanjan City. Forty children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder were chosen by the method of random sampling and randomly assigned in control and experimental groups (20 children in experimental group and 20 children in control group). At first in pretest stage used academic self-efficacy questionnaire and the software of selected and divided attention. For measurements of academic improvement were used the scores of a teacher build test mathematic and spelling. Then, experimental group take 8 sessions education of selected and divided attention-shaping Training. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measurement test.

Results of this research show that selected and divided attention training improved the amount of divided and selected attention and academical improvement of children < but it's not effective significantly on reaction time and academic self-efficacy of children with attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity.

Attention training can be effective to increase attention and academical achievement in children with ADHD.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Irony is a form of speech used to convey feelings in an indirect way. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated an impaired irony processing, associated with poor theory of mind.

We used fMRI to examine neural circuitry underlying deficits in understanding irony in schizophrenia.

11 right-handed patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 11 right-handed healthy subjects were studied. Participants were asked to listen short scenarios. The 15 irony condition consisted an ironic statement, and the 15 control condition was physical causality. We used an event-related design. Every scenario started with a two sentences long context, followed by a 2-4 s (jittered) inter-stimulus interval. The third, critical ironic sentence appeared next, and finally a simple yes/no comprehension question followed. Between trials an inter-trial interval of 5-7 s (jittered) were used.

The schizophrenic group performed significantly worse in the irony condition than the control group (p=0.0008). Ironic statements resulted in significant activations in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and insula, right superior and medial frontal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, posterior division of right superior and left middle temporal gyrus, left lingual gyrus, left cuneus and right inferior parietal lobule in the schizophrenic group. The control group showed significantly greater activity in the left IFG and insula compared to the schizophrenic group.

Among schizophrenic patients we found a significant underactivation in the left IFG and insula during irony comprehension, which may contribute to the impairements of social behavior in schizophrenia.