The genus Zaschisonyx Ashmead includes but a single nearctic species, Z. montana (Cresson), of which three forms are recognized in this paper. In all these forms the males are identical, as are also the saws of the females, so that only subspecific or varietal names can be given within the group.

Fore wings chrome yellow, a pink patch at base of wing, about 3 mm. wide; this is most marked on costa and between median and submedian veins. A subterminal pinkish band, broad at base, where it is confluent with the pink fringe; at centre is narrow and furthest removed from margin, at inner angle it broadens out, becoming again confluent with fringe. Fringe pink, in one speciment slightly paler inwardly. Hind wings pale yellowish white, firnge concolorous.

My first work with the comrnon mantid, Stagmomantis carolina John began accidentally. One afternoon in early May, at Dallas, Texas, a number of egg masses of the mantid were placed on my desk for inspection. In looking them over I noticed that several had been parasitized and that in others the nymphs had already emerged. I paid very little attention to the unhatched eggs. The next morning May 7, 1927, my desk was covered with numbers of ungainly little brownish green creatures that raced madly about and made frantic efforts to hide behind books and papers. Thirty of these mantid nymphs were captured and placed under a glass lantern globe. A week later a second egg mass hatched. These two broods, together with a stray nymph I found, furnished me with material for observations throughout the summer.

The economic importance of research in veterinary–medical entomology is inadequately defined. In this paper we attempt to assess progress in bioeconomics and feasible approaches to estimate benefits from this field of study.

Benefits accruing from veterinary–medical entomology are in improved efficiency or increased productivity of man and his animals. Assessing this effort has been neglected because of difficulty and expense in measuring loss. Even if direct losses were known, indirect ones due to insect-borne diseases and other health-related factors are generally immeasurable.

Almost all of the members of the subfamily Ethopolyinae occur in western North America, a few Pacific islands, the Orient and Europe, but only one established species had been known from North America east of the Rocky Mountains. This widespread and very common form, Bothropolys multidentatus (Newport), ranges throughout the East as far west as Missouri. The present new species is therefore of special interest in that it is the second endemic member of the subfamily to he recorded from east of the Rockies. The only other members of Zygethopolys, a genus closely allied to Bothropolys, are known only from Alaska, British Columbia, and thk state of Washington.

The Ray Spiders live a retired life along the banks of some creek, where overhanging bushes and projecting rocks afford the gloom which they seem to seek. In such locations, especially in the dark recesses under clusters of roots, we may look for their cocoons in midsummer. They are among the most interesting to be found—little golden-brown balls, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, suspended by a single glossy-white thread nearly an inch long.

An investigation into the use of thresholds based on Cabbage Looper Equivalents (CLE) was conducted on Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (L.), cv. Valiant, grown in Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. The CLE model was used to equate foliage consumption by larvae of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Management strategies included the following: (1) an untreated check; applications of insecticides after thresholds of (2) 1.0 CLE; (3) 0.50 CLE; or (4) 0.25 CLE per plant were exceeded; (5) bi-weekly applications of insecticides; and (6) applications of insecticides according to the grower’s spray schedule.In 1991, the imported cabbageworm was the most abundant species in the complex attacking the crop and high yields were obtained in all treatments. However, in 1992, the diamondback moth was the principal species and significantly reduced marketable yields in all treatments. Use of CLE as a model for threshold determination in the crop of Brussels sprouts underestimated the potential of the diamondback moth for damage and resulted in improper timing of applications of insecticide for adequate control of the diamondback moth.

Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. is an unimportant pest of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., in Europe. A variety, copiosella Frey, is found in the Swiss Alps attacking a white pine, Pinus cembra L., and sometimes occurs in sufficient numbers to reduce growth. Both European forms have a life-history similar to that described here for British Columbia.

In North America, specimens identified as O. piniariella were collected in 1882 at Ithaca, New York (Forbes, 1924). The first Canadian record was for 1922 at Abbotsford, British Columbia, from white pine (Felt, 1922). The species has since been found in British Columbia at Vancouver, Victoria, Langley, and Aldergrove. Dr. T. N. Freeman (in litt.), Entomology Division, Ottawa, has collected it at Constance Bay, South March, Ottawa, and Bells Corners, Ontario.

A process-oriented model was recently developed to simulate the efficacy of spray products containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (Bacillaceae) against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens (Cooke and Régnière 1996). The model accurately predicted foliage protection and larval population reduction during validation spray trials (Régnière and Cooke 1998; Cooke and Régnière 1999). The impact of treatment on budworm generation survival was generally well mimicked by the model except for a consistent overestimation of survival at the end of immature development in the treated plots. Régnière and Cooke (1998) speculated that residual mortality due to treatment may be occurring during the pupal stage. Carry-over of B. thuringiensis from larvae to pupae has been documented for spruce budworm (Klein and Lewis 1966) and several other Lepidoptera (Legner and Oatman 1962; Angus 1965). Although we recently investigated the response of spruce budworm larvae to ingestion of sublethal doses of B. thuringiensis (Pedersen et al. 1997), effects on pupal survival or adult emergence were not examined. In this note, we report the results of an experiment designed to assess such effects.

Theoneo stridula, new species.—Male: Length, 78 mm; cephalo thorax, wide.35 mm., long.39 mm. In the following table the measurments are give in millimeters:

Cephalothorax short and moderately elevated, sides arcuate, slightly narrowed in fornt, dull grayish-yellow, eyes surronded by narrow black rings; posterior eyes in a slightly recurved line, equal, the median separated from each other by one and one-half times their diameter, and from the lateral by one-half their diameter; anterior eyes in a very slightly procurved line, subcontiguous, the median smaller that the lateral; median ocular area wider behind than in front and wider than long.

The tachinid genus Macromya (type, depressa R.-D.) as here considered includes five species of which three are described as new. All members are quite similar in external adult morphology as well as in biology. In the accompanying key to the currently known species, the distinctions are made chiefly on basic color differences. The center of maximum population for the genus occurs in the neotropics; its range however extends well within the southern limits of the nearctic region.

The following list of hymenopterous parasites of Choristoneura pinus Free. is based on an analysis of two collections that the writer recently received through the kindness of Dr. T. N. Freeman. The first collection consisted of 116 mature larvae and pupae of C. pinus taken by Dr. Freeman at Normandale (Norfolk Co.), Ont., early in July, 1951, in a plantation of Pinus banksiana Lamb. Rearings from this lot, at Ottawa, by Dr. Freeman and the writer yielded 48 moths and 41 specimens of parasites, the latter comprising 10 species. There was a pupal mortality of 27 specimens. The second collection consisted of 75 adult parasites that were reared at Ottawa by Dr. Freeman from a lot of 456 pupae of C. pinus taken by Mr. V. Hildahl at Beauséjour, Man., during July, 1951, on P. banksiana. There were five species of parasites in this collection, three of which are not represented in the Normandale material.

This study had dual objectives: to select a series of insecticides toxic to the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walk.), and to determine susceptibility of the various developmental stages to insecticides. Pupae were collected from infested rapeseed fields in Alberta and a laboratory rearing procedure suitable for production of large numbers of insects was devised. The direct contact toxicity of 50 insecticides to third-stage larvae was assessed. Methomyl and DDT were included as standard insecticides. None of the experimental insecticides was as toxic as methomyl but about one half were more toxic than DDT. Tests with representative organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides indicated that all caused rapid knockdown of third-stage larvae. There was no evidence of subsequent recovery. After the life history of the bertha armyworm under controlled environmental conditions was determined, tests were conducted to ascertain the susceptibility of the various developmental stages to methomyl, chlorpyrifos, leptophos, and methidathion. Eggs and first and second stage larvae were more susceptible to direct contact applications of the insecticides than were the later larval stages, pupae, and adults.

Differs from the typical section of the genus in the presence of a small fovea at the base of the male forewings (as in agrestaria Grossb.) and the lack of a hair-pencil on the hind tibiae in the same sex. Placed in this genus on account of the similarity of male genitalia, which are very close to those of serrataria B. & McD. as figured in my Studies in North American Cleorini.