Two species of tartricid larvae, which were easily separated by appearance and by host, were reared by the author during the summer of 1951. Identification of adults showed that two species of Sparganothis had previously been associated with the name Sparganothis pettitana (Robinson). The true S. pettitana was identified by comparison of a series of male adults of both species with the illustration accompanying the original description (Robinson, 1869, Pl. IV) and with Type No. 7417 in the Brakenridge Clemens Memorial Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Populations of the balsam woolly aphid on Fraser fir trees were sampled without replacement. Sampling frequency was based on the embryological period of the aphid at mean monthly temperatures in the field. The sample for each date consisted of 16 pieces of bark, 1/2 in. diameter, from each of 10 trees. Precision of the method was usually within ±10% of the mean. The largest proportion of variance was within trees. Stratification of samples by levels within trees decreased variance estimates.Frequency distributions of counts of most stages of the aphid approximated the negative binomial distribution. Therefore, data were transformed to logarithms in order to approximate the normal distribution.

The development of strains or races of insects that are resistant to insecticides is a serious obstacle to the progress of chemical pest control. In many cases recommendations at first viewed as offering a permanent solution for an entomological problem have had to be abandoned within a very few years. Until the general relationships governing insccticidnl resistance are reduced to an orderly and understandable basis, the permanent soIution nf an insect pest control problem by chemical treatment is largelv an unjustifiable expectation.

Rhynchites bicolor Fab. has not that general distribution, in Canada at least, that is believed by Mr. Wickham, who remarks(Can. Ent., Vol. XXIL., p. 171): “In fact I doubt if there is a spot on this continent where roses grow that Rhynchites bicolor does not inhabti too.” On the Pacific coast it is certainly a very common insect, as I found at Victoria, V.L.., and New Westminster, B.C., in May and June, 1888.

The apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali (Kief.), was first noted in a New Brunswick commercial apple orchard at Waweig, Charlotte County, in 1964. Adults collected there in 1965 were identified by Biosystematics Research Institute. The midge's first appearance in the Saint John River Valley was in 1968 in York County. Since 1968 this insect has spread to infest orchards up river as far as Woodstock and down river to orchards in the Gagetown-Queenstown area.

The presence of the fungus Phoma macdonaldii Boerema on the exocuticle of the adult stem weevil Apion occidentale Fall, was verified using isolation techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Pycnidiospores matching those of P. macdonaldii in size and shape were observed on the antennae, meso- and metathoracic legs of both field-collected and Phoma-incubated adults. Fungal hyphae were observed on the rostrum of both field-collected and laboratory-inoculated adults. Four percent of the weevils carried P. macdonaldii internally.

Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana is classed among the injurious mealy-bugs. It attacks a wide range of host plants. So far it has become abundant in the United States only in certain states east of the Mississippi River. In Connecticut it has received the name catalpa mealybug, because of its injuriousness to that plant. It is recorded as attacking many food-producing plants, but so far it has not been rated as a serious pest of any commercial crop plants. P. comstocki has been recorded from California by G. F. Ferris, where it was taken on Monterey pines growing on the campus of Stanford University. Ferris also records this mealybug from a number of host plants, including citrus, collected in Japan by Dr. Kuwana. A lookout has been kept for the appearance of P. comstocki in southern California, as it is considered to be a potential pest of citrus.

The life history of the army cutworm moth (Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grote), the larvae of which over-winter in the soil and mature early in the spring, is characterized by a spring flight in June, their almost complete disappearance during the early part of July and re-appearance during the latter part of August. The period during which they disappear is termed by other workers as an aestivation.

An oviposition trap recently developed to survey hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenée)) eggs and consisting of a small strip of white polyurethane foam stapled to the tree bole provides reliable estimates of Telenomus spp. parasitism on hemlock looper eggs. Oviposition traps are a standard tool that never varies. They allow us to avoid the tedious and expensive extraction process used when collecting eggs from branches. This new method can be implemented rapidly in a high number of plots and provides the egg parasitism estimates needed in spring to improve hemlock looper population management.

At least 25 species of Carabidae were caught in pitfall traps in a DDT-sprayed Ontario peach orchard, the commonest being Pterostichus melanarius (Ill.). Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Dej.), Agonoderus lecontei Chd., Amara (Curtonotus) pennsylvanica Hayw., Anadaptus sanctaecrucis (F.) and Anisodactylus rusticus Say. Fewer P. melanarius were caught in plots where foliar sprays of DDT were used most recently, but a rather large and varied population of carabids persisted in all plots despite the application of DDT for as long as ten years.

The first extensive contribution to a knowledge of the anthomyid flies of North America was made by Francis Walker in 1849, when he published the records of fifty-five nominal species in his list of dipterous insects in the British Museum.

Dissection of 400 diapausing eonymphs of Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) yielded 149 live planidia larvae of Perilampus hyalinus Say. Of these 87% were embedded in the brain and in the ganglia of the ventral cord, and the remainder in various other internal organs, including the malpighian tubes and silk glands. Numerous encapsulated planidia were found in the haemocoel. To avoid encapsulation in this host, planidia of P. hyalinus must enter an internal organ. Resumption of development of N. lecontei stimulates the emergence of surviving planidia, which commence feeding as ectoparasites. During the second instar, feeding is suspended while the parasite larvae search the body of the host for competitors and destroy them.

Some of the eonymphs examined contained larvae of the tachinid Spathimeigenia sp. in addition to planidia. None of these planidia survived, nor did they become hyperparasitic.

A study of recently collected Trichoptera in the University of Minnesota Collection has yielded a number of new species. Several of these new species are described in the following paper. The types of all the new species described herein are deposited in the University of Minnesota Collection, unless otherwise stated.

Timema bartmani sp.nov. is described from San Bernardino County, California. Both sexes are known. Males show relationship with Timema podura Strohecker. Females closely resemble Timema tahoe Vickery. Timema bartmani may be the sexual ancestor of the parthenogenetic T. tahoe.

The common June beetle, Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte), is an indigenous pest of agricultural crops in North America (Hammond 1948; Ritcher 1949). A bionomic study and survey for natural enemies of P. anxia was conducted in southern Quebec from 1975 to 1977. Pasture soils were searched for immature stages of P. anxia, and any natural enemies found in situ were collected. A prepupa and pupae of Pelecinus polyturator (Drury) were found in the pasture on several occasions. Previously, P. polyturator had been reported as a parasite of grubs of Phyllophaga spp. (Davis 1919; Petch and Hammond 1925, 1926; Brues 1928; Hammond 1944), and its distribution ranges from Canada to Argentina (Masner 1979).

Two naturalized populations and two planted populations of Rosa rugosa Thunb. were studied with respect to chalcid seed wasp infestation. Megastigmus nigrovariegatus Ashmead was found in hips from planted R. rugosa in Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, but not from bushes at naturalized sites. The percentage of infested hips at the Halifax and Dartmouth locations was 26 and 31%, respectively. The percentage of infested achenes within a single hip varied widely from 3 to 79% at the Halifax site and 7 to 60% at the Dartmouth site.Adult emergence was over 75% successful when achenes were over 2 mm in diameter but less than 15% for smaller achenes. The exit hole on the achene faced the outer wall of the hip. Adults emerged later in Nova Scotia than in the United States and between 59 and 72% were female. More than one adult wasp was observed ovipositing on a single hip.

This family, althougn quite distinct, is closely allied to the two which follow— the Myrmosidœ and the Mutillidœ— and it will probably be difficult for the student to separate at once the wingless females from some in the families mentioned. Some authorities, having been unable to find good characters to separate these wasps, have classifed all together as a single large family under the name Mutillidœ; but I think incorrectly so.

The distribution of spruce beetle attacks and length of associated egg galleries were investigated on 21 spruce stumps over a 4-year period in central British Columbia. Attack density formed a distinct vertical gradient which peaked near the duff line at about one-third stump height above the mineral soil. The proportion of attacks on the stumps that were located below the duff was linearly related to the ratio of stump height below duff and total stump height above mineral soil. Attack density was significantly higher below the duff than above. A three-parameter exponential function gave satisfactory fit to the attack density gradient on normalized stump height. A discrete-step theoretical model was also developed based on assumptions regarding beetle behavior during landing and imitation of the egg gallery and the physical characteristics of the host. This model gave an excellent fit to the attack density gradient as an average process over all stumps. Average egg gallery length was a curvilinear function of attack density with maximum average egg gallery length occurring at about 0.33 attacks per 100 cm2.

The unique habits of a jack pine needle-miner, Eucordylea canusella (Free.), are described. It feeds for the greater part of its life on dead or dying needle tissue and on the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans de Bary (Arnaud), which grows within the needle-pair following construction of a mine by the first-instar larva. On reaching maturity, the larvae revert to a more conventional needle-mining behaviour. This habit is unusual in defoliating Lepidoptera although other species in the same, or closely related genera, are also thought to feed upon fungi. The impact of these findings on the taxonomy of Eucordylea spp. is discussed.