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The introduction presents the overall argument to the reader, as well as the existing scholarship that has been done on aspects of this topic. Most historians have ignored the material culture of the war era, and there is little scholarship on the war's environmental history, so this is a path-breaking book.
Both armies seized timber in various forms, in the forests and on farms, from white civilians. Again, friendly civilians became alienated when they believed that timber shortages began to threaten their survival. The armies deforested large sections of the region, which created huge mudbaths wherever soldiers went.
In the antebellum South, most whites had a strong sense of community, that is, a sense of obligation to other whites, and a strong belief in the stewardship of material resources. They assumed that precious resources such as food, timber, and the built environment should not be wasted, although some people occasionally violated these social norms. When the secession crisis broke out in 1860-1861, the white population divided over the issue of secession, with a significant minority of whites supporting the Union, even after the war started.
When the fighting started in 1861, both armies turned to the white civilian population for help, and they usually received it. Pro-Confederate whites provided information, engaged in espionage, and worked for the rebel army, while pro-Union whites did the same for the federal army. Whites also served as hostages for both armies. Military policy, such as Francis Lieber's Code of 1863, did not do much in practice to protect civilians.
The two armies took over many houses and other buildings; they sometimes forced the residents to leave; and their scavenged houses for their material resources. The same process happened, as supportive civilians, both pro-Confederate and pro-Union, began to turn against the armies. The war created an increasingly large population of homeless white people.