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Christian Connection women – Deborah Peirce, Harriet Livermore, and Rebecca Miller – who penned three of America’s earliest defenses of a woman’s right to preach from 1820 to 1841, conceived of themselves not only as exhorters, evangelists, and preachers but also as interpreters of the Bible. This analysis of their distinctive hermeneutical strategies demonstrates how they interpreted Philippians 4:2–3 as ballast for Christian Connection female laborers to preach and how they exploited the church’s distinction between worship and business meetings to limit Paul’s injunction to silence (1 Corinthians 14:34–35) to business meetings only. It illuminates their distinctive contributions as biblical interpreters by setting their defenses alongside influential commentaries written by men, Sarah Grimké’s defense of women’s preaching (1838), and memoirs authored by early American women preachers. Without the writings of Peirce, Livermore, and Miller, it might be possible to draw an artificial bifurcation in antebellum Christianity between interpretation and experience, that is, between commentaries and Grimké’s Letters, whose primary purpose is to interpret the Bible without explicit reference to experience, and the memoirs of women called to preach, for whom the ascendant attribute of their call was an experience that no text or interpretation could invalidate. These Christian Connection defenses mitigate such a dichotomy.
In this revised and updated edition, An Economic History of Europe re-establishes itself as the leading textbook on European economic history. With an expanded scope, from prehistory to the present, it will be invaluable source for students, educators and researchers seeking to better understand Europe's long-run economic development. The authors cover key themes including the rise of institutions, technological advancements, globalization, and the Industrial Revolution, with a fresh emphasis on the wider impact of economic policies on welfare reflecting a broader understanding of societal well-being. The chronological structure, clear explanations, case studies, and minimal use of complex mathematics make this an accessible approach that allows students to apply economic theories in historical practice. The new edition also connects historical development to urgent contemporary issues such as modern-day sustainability goals. This comprehensive guide provides students with both a historical narrative of Europe's economic transformation, and the essential tools for analysing it.
Chapter 2 analyzes the regulation of colonial archives in Kenya as a method of racialized secret-keeping that involved cooperation between the Colonial Office in London and officials based in Kenya. It demonstrates that the regulation of its archives was one of several strategies of the colonial administration to control access to information and intelligence pertaining to the Emergency. The first half of this chapter examines the negotiations between the Colonial Office in London and the British colonial government in Nairobi over how best to deal with managing and securing secret records. The second half proceeds to analyze the only instance in which a “researcher” has ever been granted full and unconditional access to the secret records of the Emergency. In doing so, it argues that the British colonial government was interested not only in barring access to sensitive documents but also in enabling their use in highly controlled settings so that official documents could serve as evidence supporting sympathetic “research,” or propaganda, which vindicated the government at a time of growing critique.
This chapter traces the development of money, credit and banking systems in Europe, from their origins to their modern forms. It examines how the reintroduction of monetary systems following the collapse of the Roman Empire contributed to economic growth. The chapter also discusses the evolution of credit markets, the rise of banks and the development of paper money, with an emphasis on the role these institutions played in supporting economic development. It explores the relationship between financial innovation and economic crises, illustrating how the financial system has both facilitated growth and contributed to periods of instability. The chapter concludes by assessing the impact of financial systems on long-term economic development in Europe.
The Colombo Plan gradually shook off the taint of British Treasury designs to become an experiment of shared interest by a growing number of newly-independent regional governments. An expanded membership brought tentative explorations of regional ideation and practice. It was also necessary for members to build a distinctive identity in a region being shaped by the Cold War, and amidst other organisations such as the UN’s Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. They did so through elaborate hospitality in annual meetings and the showcasing of iconic development projects.
This paper examines Funan County’s ‘Three-Fix’ policy as a significant case of China’s agricultural procurement reforms. Utilising extensive archival materials and data, it focuses on the interactions between central and local governments in shaping rural governance and agricultural policy. The study evaluates the policy’s effectiveness in stabilising grain procurement and fostering cooperative relationships between the state and farmers, while also identifying its limitations, such as uneven implementation, local resistance, and inconsistent enforcement. By analysing the policy’s impact on farmers’ production behaviours, social psychology, and local governance, the research uncovers the intricate political economy underlying early reforms in the People’s Republic of China. The findings highlight the necessity of balancing central and local flexibility in policy design and implementation and offer valuable lessons for contemporary rural governance and development.