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As an ambivalent symbol of America’s relationship with the natural world of wild things, the bear acquired new importance in the years of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency (1901–1909). This article offers an interpretation of the significance of the bear at this time, looking at outdoor sportswriting and the cultural response to Roosevelt’s own bear-hunting exploits in that context. It finds two contrasting ideas of the bear, which appears both as a ferocious beast and as a bearskin trophy, a symbol of nature’s uncontrollable power and also a consumer object. Bear-hunting stories, it is proposed here, thus bridged two worlds: that of wild nature and that of human modernity. This, it suggests, was also the essential cultural function of Theodore Roosevelt’s public persona. Serving as president while assuming the unofficial role of bear-hunter-in-chief, and then becoming indelibly associated with sentimentalized cartoon or teddy bears, his image blurred the distinctions between the White House and the Rocky Mountains, modern life and the natural world. It is suggested in this way that the symbolism of the bear enabled Americans to navigate a way into the twentieth century, avoiding a hard choice between industrial modernity and wild nature by retaining a cultural space for both.
Thérèse Humbert was a lowly French peasant until she saved the life of an American millionaire who left her a vast inheritance, but after twenty years of litigation over said inheritance, a massive web of deception unraveled. The millionaire had never existed, his “nephews” were actually Humbert’s brothers, and Humbert herself had swindled Europe’s moneyed men and working-class laborers out of millions of francs. Overnight, Humbert became a celebrity in the American press, even after she was convicted and imprisoned for fraud. The French swindler’s onslaught of coverage in American newspapers shaped Gilded Age anxieties about money, credit, and the place of women in an ever-changing world. Gender ideologies concerning women’s place in the economy and turn-of-the-century financial instability made the Humbert swindle irresistible to the American press, who saw the story as an opportunity to moralize about women and finance. The sheer scale of Humbert’s fraud and its American coverage make the story remarkable today as an astonishing episode in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, especially among cultural historians and those interested in the New History of Capitalism.