The 9-item Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire (BILD-Q; Atkinson & Diedrichs, 2021) assesses behavioral avoidance of important life activities due to body image and appearance concerns. Encompassing life domains beyond physical and mental health (e.g., participation in education and sport, socializing, seeking healthcare, self-assertion), the BILD-Q contributes to understanding the broader consequences of negative body image on individual development and future contribution to society. The BILD-Q can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. Women and men complete the same 28 items. This chapter first discusses the development of the BILD-Q and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have shown the BILD-Q to have a unidimensional factor structure. Its gender invariance has been upheld among early adolescents. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BILD-Q. This chapter provides the BILD-Q items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The 19-item Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS; Mayville et al., 2002) assesses the behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains of muscle dysmorphia, which is a variant of body dysmorphic disorder that involves the perceived lack of muscle mass and/or muscle definition. The MASS’s content was designed to capture the characteristics specific to muscle dysmorphia as a form of body dissatisfaction that primarily affects individuals involved in weightlifting. It can be used within research and as a measure of clinical change when treating muscle dysmorphia in applied settings. The MASS can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MASS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 5-factor solution among weightlifters. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, criterion validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the MASS. This chapter provides the MASS items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The Body Image Matrix of Thinness and Muscularity (BIMTM; Arkenau et al., 2020; Steinfeld et al., 2020) is a figure rating scale that assesses perceptual body image. It is available in two separate versions, one for men (BIMTM-Male Bodies) and one for women (BIMTM-Female Bodies). It consists of an 8 x 8 grid with 64 colored and realistic-looking figures of White men or women that vary in body fat along the horizontal axis and muscle mass along the vertical axis. The BIMTM can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BIMTM and then provides evidence of its psychometrics with men and women. A two-dimensional (body fat and muscularity) is assumed. Test-retest reliability, ecological validity, convergent validity, and criterion validity support the use of both the male and female versions of the BIMTM. This chapter provides the BIMTM in its entirety, as well as its instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The 15-item Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., 2019) assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with the pursuit of muscularity, such as the rigid monitoring of dietary intake, rigid adherence to dietary rules, regulation of protein intake, propensity for eating more or less to influence muscularity, and the overevaluation of muscularity-oriented eating. The MOET can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MOET and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis consistently suggest that the MOET is a unidimensional measure in a broad array of demographic and cultural settings. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MOET. Next, this chapter provides the MOET items in their entirety, instructions for administering the MOET to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 50-item Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria (SIBID; Cash, 1994) assesses negative body image emotions experienced during specific situational contexts. Each item contains a specific situational context (e.g., social gatherings, looking at self in the mirror) and respondents indicate how often they have negative emotional experiences when in these contexts. The SIBID can be administered to adults and adolescents, and it is free to use. There is a 20-item abbreviated form, the SIBID-S. This chapter first discusses the development of the SIBID and SIBID-S and then provides evidence of their psychometrics. The SIBID and SIBID-S are best treated as unidimensional. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity support the use of the SIBID and SIBID-S. Next, this chapter provides all SIBID and SIBID-S items, the item response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 10-item Photo Manipulation Scale (P-MaS; McLean et al., 2015) measures the frequency to which a person manipulates (digitally edits) their own appearance within photos prior to sharing on social media or other online platforms. Photo editing practices may include changing the size or shape of body parts, removing skin blemishes, and applying filters, which are easily performed through readily available phone apps. The P-MaS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the P-MaS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. While mixed evidence for its unidimensionality has been observed, the authors recommend the calculation of a single total score. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and test-criterion validity support the use of the P-MaS. Next, this chapter provides the P-MaS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the P-MaS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R; Schaefer et al., 2017) is among the most widely used measures of appearance-related pressures and appearance-ideal internalization, and it was originally developed to facilitate research on the tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance. There is a 31-item female version and a 28-item male version. The SATAQ-4R can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the SATAQ-4R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SATAQ-4R has been found to have a 7-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, although some studies identified a smaller number of factors. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity support the use of the SATAQ-4R. Next, this chapter provides the SATAQ-4R items (both female and male versions) in their entirety, instructions for administering the SATAQ-4R to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 16-item Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES; Castonguay et al., 2014) was developed to measure shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride for use in body- and appearance-related contexts. The BASES can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BASES and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 4-factor structure (body shame, body guilt, authentic pride, hubristic pride). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BASES. Next, this chapter provides the BASES items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BASES to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 24-item Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS; Tylka et al., 2005) assesses body (muscularity, body fat, height) dissatisfaction with male-identifying individuals, as these three forms of dissatisfaction have been identified as important to men within qualitative research. The MBAS can be administered online or in-person to male-identifying adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the MBAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the MBAS has been shown to have a 3-factor structure in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, with muscularity dissatisfaction, body fat dissatisfaction, and height dissatisfaction being the three factors. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MBAS. Next, this chapter provides the MBAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering it to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 10-item Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI; Veale et al., 2013) assesses cognitive processes and behaviours characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The AAI is derived from a theoretical model of BDD that defines appearance anxiety as a person’s responses to their perceived flaws and shame about their appearance (e.g., appearance-focused attention, comparison, rumination, checking, and avoidance). The AAI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the AAI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 2-factor structure (appearance avoidance, threat monitoring), yet a single factor accounted for most of the scale’s variance and therefore the AAI is calculated as a single appearance anxiety score. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and sensitivity to change as a result of therapy support the use of the AAI. Next, this chapter provides the AAI items in their entirety, instructions for administering the AAI to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS; Yang & Stoeber, 2012) assesses a person’s concerns about and hopes for a perfect physical appearance. The PAPS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the PAPS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PAPS has been found to have a 2-factor structure (Worry About Imperfection, Hope For Perfection) within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and evidence has supported its invariance across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the PAPS. Next, this chapter provides the PAPS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PAPS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.