The Photographic Figure Rating Scale (PFRS; Swami et al., 2008) is a figural rating scale developed to assess body dissatisfaction (actual-ideal body size discrepancy) and consists of 10 photographic images of real women varying in body mass index from emaciated to “obese”. The PFRS can be administered online or in-person to women and is free to use for non-commercial purposes. This chapter discusses the development of the original PFRS, before providing evidence of its psychometric properties. Specifically, scores on the PFRS have been found to have adequate test-retest reliability and good patterns of convergent and criterion-related validity. Next, this chapter provides the PFRS images, as well as full instructions for administration to participants, the suggested questions, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are described and logistics of use are provided for readers.

The Breast Size Rating Scale (BSRS; Swami et al., 2015) is a figural rating scale developed to assess breast size dissatisfaction (actual-ideal breast size discrepancy), theorised to be a facet of negative body image. The BSRS consists of 14 computer-generated images of women varying in breast size alone. The BSRS can be administered online or in-person to women and is free to use for non-commercial purposes. This chapter discusses the development of the BSRS, before providing evidence of its psychometric properties. Specifically, scores on the BSRS have adequate test-retest reliability and good patterns of convergent, criterion-related, and incremental validity. Next, this chapter provides the BSRS in full and instructions for administering the BSRS to participants, the suggested questions, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are described and logistics of use are provided for readers.

The 7-item Drive for Muscularity Scale - YT (DMS-YT; Yelland & Tiggemann, 2003) measures the desire and motivation directed toward obtaining muscularity. The DMS-YT can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults across genders, including women. It is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the DMS-YT within the literature on gay men’s body image and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the DMS-YT has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with both men and women. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the DMS-YT. Next, this chapter provides the DMS-YT items, instructions for administration, the item response scale, the scoring procedure, and known translations. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The Curvy Ideals Internalization Scale (CII; Walker et al., 2022) is an 11-item self-report measure developed to assess internalization of a thick or curvy body type. The CII can be administered online or in-person and is free to use for research purposes, and has been validated among White, Black, and Black/White Biracial women. The chapter first discusses the development of the CII and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the CII has been identified to have a three-factor structure, with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the CII’s use. The chapter provides the CII items in their entirety, instructions for administering and scoring the measure, and the item response scale. Logistics of use (e.g., copyright, permissions, and contact information) are provided for readers.

The Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BIAAQ; Sandoz et al., 2013) is a 12-item measure of body image flexibility. Body image flexibility involves full awareness and openness to the experience of embodiment (e.g., body image thoughts, feelings, perceptions, sensations, etc.) in any one moment in such a way as to allow for engagement in valued action. The BIAAQ can be administered to adults or adolescents in person or online. This chapter discusses the development of the BIAAQ and provides evidence for its reliability and validity. More specifically, the majority of studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the BIAAQ have found the instrument to be composed of a single-factor. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BIAAQ. This chapter provides the BIAAQ items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated and translated versions are also summarized. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 11-item Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS; Durso & Latner, 2008) is a self-report measure that assesses levels of internalized weight bias. The WBIS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults with overweight/obesity and is free to use in any setting. This chapter discusses the development of the WBIS, and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties in a variety of samples. Specifically, the WBIS has been found to have a unitary-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is invariant across gender and weight status. Internal consistency reliability, and convergent, incremental, and discriminant validity support the use of the WBIS. Next, this chapter provides the WBIS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the WBIS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information on translations of the WBIS to seven other languages are available. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 13-item Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (Swami et al., 2021) is a measure of the degree to which an individual perceives that their body, and its physical characteristics are valued, respected, and unconditionally accepted by important others. The BAOS-2 can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use for non-commercial purposes. This chapter discusses the development of the original BAOS and the BAOS-2, before providing evidence of its psychometric properties. Specifically, scores on the BAOS-2 have been found to have a unidimensional factor structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Scores on the BAOS-2 are invariant across gender identity and evidence of adequate composite reliability and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent, criterion-related, discriminant, incremental, and predictive validity supports its use. Next, this chapter provides the BAOS-2 items in full, as well as instructions for administering the BAOS-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are described and logistics of use are provided for readers.

The 12-item Online Appearance-Relevant Peer Conversations Scale (OARPCS; Cai, Lam, Leong, & Jackson, 2020) assesses (1) physical appearance and (2) life stressors as foci of online peer communications. The OARPCS can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use in any setting. In this chapter, we first discuss the development of the OARPCS and then summarize evidence for its psychometrics. Specifically, the OARPCS has been found to have a two-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that is invariant across samples of young women and men in China and Macau. As well, the OARPCS has internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and predictive validity support. Subsequently, this chapter presents the OARPCS items in their entirety, instructions for its administration, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Finally, logistics of use, including permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Self-Objectification Scale-2 (SOQ-2; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2012; original SOQ; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) assesses the extent to which individuals self-objectify or have internalized an observer’s perspective on themselves. The SOQ-2 can be administered online and in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original SOQ (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) and the SOQ-2, and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SOQ-2 has been found to have a two-factor structure including a competence- and appearance-based factor, within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is fully invariant across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the SOQ-2. Next, this chapter provides the SOQ-2 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the SOQ-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 19-item Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI; Littleton et al., 2005) is a brief self-report measure of dysmorphic appearance concern that assesses preoccupation with perceived appearance defect(s), checking, camouflaging, and reassurance seeking behavior related to one’s appearance defect(s), and social avoidance due to appearance concerns. The BICI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BICI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BICI has been found to either have a two-factor or three-factor correlated structure, depending on the nation/language in which it is administered. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity support the use of the BICI. Additionally, the BICI has been found to have good to excellent sensitivity and reasonable to excellent specificity in classifying clinical versus subclinical levels of dysmorphic symptoms and/or disordered eating. Next, this chapter provides the BICI items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BICI to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information about an abbreviated version of the BICI and known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva, Tylka, & Kroon Van Diest, 2017) assesses functionality appreciation, defined as appreciating, respecting, and honoring the body for what it is capable of doing, extending beyond mere awareness of body functionality. The FAS can be administered online and/or in person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the FAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FAS has been found to have a one-dimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and has demonstrated gender invariance, invariance across sexual orientations, and invariance across countries (U.K. and Malaysia). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FAS. To date, the FAS has been translated into 12 languages, with these strong psychometric properties upheld. Next, this chapter provides the FAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the FAS to participants, the item response scale, the scoring procedure, and known translations. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 15-item Appearance-based Rejection Sensitivity Scale (Appearance-RS Scale; Park, 2007) measures the degree to which individuals anxiously expect rejection from others based on their physical appearance. The scale presents 15 ambiguous scenarios in which individuals indicate (a) how anxiously concerned they would be about their appearance in each situation, and (b) their expectations of being rejected in each situation based on their appearance. There is also a brief, 10-item version of the Appearance-RS Scale and a 10-item version of the scale for use with adolescents. The Appearance-RS Scale can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and adolescents and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the Appearance-RS Scale and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. The Appearance-RS Scale has been shown to have a one-factor structure and shows acceptable internal reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and unique predictive validity. The chapter then provides the Appearance-RS Scale items, instructions for administering the scale to participants, the item response scale, scoring procedure, and translations available. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also provided.

The 15-item Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasses, 2000) is a widely used, non-clinical measure of people’s desire to be more muscular and the actions they take to achieve that. The DMS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the DMS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have shown that the DMS has a single-factor structure for both men and women, as well as a 2-factor structure for men. There is mixed evidence for structural invariance. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the DMS. Next, this chapter provides the DMS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the DMS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedures. There are no abbreviated forms; however, links to many known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 9-item Breast Appreciation Scale (Swami et al., 2022) is a measure of is a measure of the degree to which cisgender women accept, hold favourable opinions toward, and respect their breasts and their functions, while also rejecting media-promoted breast ideals as the only form of beauty. The BrAS can be administered online or in-person to cisgender women and is free to use for non-commercial purposes. This chapter discusses the development of the BrAS before providing evidence of its psychometric properties. Specifically, scores on the BrAS have been found to have a unidimensional factor structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Scores on the BrAS have adequate composite reliability and test-retest reliability, and good patterns of convergent, concurrent, discriminant, incremental, and known-groups validity. Next, this chapter provides the BrAS items in full instructions for administering the BrAS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use are also provided for readers

The 10-item Female Muscularity Scale (FMS; Rodgers et al., 2018) assesses the desire for a toned and tight muscular figure, as well as the engagement in behaviors that aim to modify physical appearance and increase muscularity. The FMS can be administered online and/or in-person to college-aged young adults and older adults who identify as female and is free to use in any setting or describe cost if any. This chapter first discusses the development of the FMS and provides evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the FMS has been found to have a two-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FMS. Next, this chapter provides the FMS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the FMS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided for readers.

The 23-item Body Compassion Scale (BCS; Altman et al., 2020) is an emerging mindfulness and acceptance-based measure within positive body image that assesses one’s compassion in relationship with their body, via defusion, common humanity, and acceptance. The BCS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BCS within the mindfulness and acceptance-based body image literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the Body Compassion Scale has been found to have a three-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in multiple samples with presentations ranging from the general population to chronic illness, across multiple countries and languages. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BCS. Next, this chapter provides the BCS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BCS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 48-item Negative Physical Self Scale (NPSS; Chen, Jackson, & Huang, 2006) was created to assess general and specific physical appearance concerns relevant to Chinese cultural contexts. The NPSS can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use in any setting. In this chapter, we discuss the development of the NPSS and then summarize research evaluating its psychometrics. Specifically, the NPSS been found to have a five-factor structure comprising concerns with fatness, stature, facial appearance, and general appearance within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that is invariant across samples of mainland Chinese women and men. Furthermore, specific NPSS dimensions have internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and predictive validity support. Subsequently, this chapter presents the NPSS items in their entirety, instructions for administration, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Finally, we provide logistics of use - including permissions, copyright, and contact information - for readers.

The 28-item Body Experience during Pregnancy Scale (BEPS; Talmon & Ginzburg, 2018) assesses three key dimensions of body experience during pregnancy: body agency, body estrangement, and body visibility. Developed to capture women’s responses to the physical changes and self-representations unique to pregnancy, the BEPS differs from traditional body image measures that focus mainly on appearance. The BEPS can be administered online or in-person to pregnant women and has demonstrated robust psychometric properties. This chapter discusses the BEPS’s development within the pregnancy body experience literature and reviews evidence of its psychometrics. The scale’s three-factor structure was supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and adequate internal consistency is demonstrated across its subscales. Body agency positively correlates with well-being, while body estrangement and visibility are linked with disrupted body boundaries and body shame, underscoring the scale’s construct and incremental validity. The chapter further includes the full BEPS item list, instructions for administration, response scales, and scoring guidelines. Known translations, permissions, copyright, and contact information for users are also provided.

The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children (BAS-2C; Halliwell et al., 2017) is a measure of positive body image that assesses the degree to which children appreciate and accept their bodies, respect their bodies by attending to their needs, and the influence of inner positivity on outer demeanour. The BAS-2C can be administered online or in-person to children and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BAS-2C, followed by evidence of its psychometric properties. More specifically, the Body Appreciation Scale-2 for Children has been found to have a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, with mixed evidence of measurement invariance across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and construct validity support the use of the BAS-2C. Next, this chapter provides the BAS-2C items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BAS-2C, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated forms are offered, and known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015) is a widely used, contemporary measure of positive body image that assesses one’s acceptance and appreciation of, and respect and love for, their body. The BAS-2 can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original BAS and the BAS-2 within the positive body image literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BAS-2 has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is fully invariant across nations, languages, gender identities, and adult age groups. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BAS-2. Next, this chapter provides the BAS-2 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BAS-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Abbreviated forms are offered and known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.