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Chapter 8 focuses on steady open-channel flow. As opposed to pressurized flow in closed conduits, open-channel flows convey water by gravity in human-made channels and natural waterways. The cross-sectional area of open channels varies with discharge as described in Section 8.1. Section 8.2 examines resistance to flow to define the normal depth in Section 8.3 and shear stress in Section 8.4.
Chapter 2 reviews the motion of water in pipes. This chapter explains resistance to flow and major friction losses in Section 2.1, and minor head losses in Section 2.2. Head losses are combined with conservation of mass for the analysis of pipe branches and networks in Section 2.3.
Chapter 6 delves into the compressibility effects of water in pipes. Section 6.1 presents important knowledge on water compressibility. It is followed with the celerity of wave propagation in pipes in Section 6.2. The concept of water hammer is detailed in Section 6.3 with prevention measures like surge tanks in Section 6.4.
Chapter 10 delineates backwater curves and gradually varied open-channel flows. Gradually varied flows change slowly in the downstream direction. The main equation in Section 10.1 leads to the classification of water-surface profiles in Section 10.2 with calculations in Section 10.3. Energy losses at bridge crossings are covered in Section 10.4 with numerical models introduced in Section 10.5.
Chapter 12 copes with more complex flows through culverts. Culverts are described in Section 12.1 followed with an analysis of culvert performance curves in Section 12.2 and outlet works in Section 12.3.
Chapter 1 describes the physical properties of water and hydrostatics. It covers water properties, unit conversions and forces on dams. Fundamental dimensions, units and water properties are reviewed in Section 1.1. The concept of pressure and piezometric head in Section 1.2 is expanded into hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces in Section 1.3 and dams in Section 1.4.
What is the EU for? In light of the current state of European integration, EU law cannot meaningfully be appreciated without understanding the political, social and cultural context within which it operates. This textbook proposes a fresh, accessible and interdisciplinary take on the subject that is suitable for one-semester and introductory courses wishing to engage the reader with the wider context of the EU project. It situates the institutions, legal order and central policy domains of the EU in their context and offer students the tools to critically analyse and reflect on European integration and its consequences. With pedagogical features such as further reading, class questions and essay/exams questions to support learning, this textbook enables students to form their own informed opinion on whether the EU offers an appropriate answer to the many questions that it is asked.