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Chapter eight probes changes between 1650 and 1750, emphasizing developments that contributed to Mughal decline. The Islamic cast of Aurangzeb’s reign was not a dramatic change, but a gradual trend that had been building under his two predecessors. We then move to Aurangzeb’s vision of Islam in his multicultural, multiethnic state and his prolonged effort to subdue the Deccan Sultanates and the Marathas under Shivaji, as well as their political and economic consequences. Next the Maratha’s martial roots, Shivaji’s political ideology, and the growth of Maratha power outside the Deccan along with their cultural contributions are addressed. Finally, we examine the shifting balance of power in the subcontinent where former imperial territories emerged as successor states with flourishing political centers.
Although transnational law is often characterized as ‘non-state law’, states actually play a significant role in the construction and operation of much transnational regulation. Chapter 6 examines the most common ways that states do this. These include: by giving transnational effect to their own domestic laws – what is known as ‘extraterritoriality’; by imposing economic sanctions against regimes that are not comporting with transnational legal norms; by adjudicating transnational regulatory disputes in their domestic courts – i.e., ‘transnational litigation’; and by collaborating in the formation of intergovernmental networks that shape and sometimes even create transnational regulatory regimes. Each of these techniques has its own set of comparative advantages and disadvantages insofar as both their efficacy and their legitimacy implications.