Chapter nine commences with the increasing demand for textiles, especially cottons, as Europeans established several trading enclaves including in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, all of which became important to the EIC. We turn next to newly ascendant groups who increasingly contested Mughal control of north India, especially to the Sikhs, a multiethnic religious community with strong martial orientations. Next we explore differences in various regions’ economic experiences as the empire weakened. While the imperial heartland’s economy was hit hard, other regions witnessed greater prosperity. The final section deals with Bengal where developments had significance for the subcontinent’s subsequent history, for it was there that the English first obtained an extensive foothold within the internal affairs of the erstwhile empire.

In this chapter, we teach you how to use a computer simulation using a preprogrammed Excel spreadsheet. The goal of this chapter is to familiarize you with some of the basics of how probability works, and especially to see how sample sizes come into play.

In this chapter we introduce you to some of the important building blocks of a scientific approach to studying the social world. As you can already tell from reading the first chapter of The Fundamentals of Social Research – which we will refer to as “FSR” or the “main text” from here on – data are an important part of what we do both to explore the world and to test hypotheses based on causal theories. An important part of working with data is learning how to use a statistical software package.

Transnational regulatory regimes are often not exclusive within their regulatory domains. The regulatory reach of different regimes often overlap, potentially subjecting a particular actor to contradicting regulatory demands – a condition called ‘legal pluralism’. There are different kinds of pluralist overlap. We can distinguish between internal pluralism, in which regulatory overlap can be resolved juridically, and external pluralism, in which it has to be resolved politically; we can also distinguish between symmetrical pluralism, involving a regulatory overlap between two regimes operating at the same geographical scale, and asymmetrical pluralism, in which the overlap involves regimes operating at different geographical scales. And we can distinguish between cooperative pluralism, where the overlapping regimes cooperate in addressing the overlap, and non-cooperative pluralism, where they compete for dominance. Transnational regulatory environments have developed a number of ways of responding to these different kinds of pluralist overlaps – such as using a conflicts-of-law approach to handle issues of internal pluralism.

In this chapter we introduce you to the commands needed to produce descriptive statistics and graphs using Stata. If you’re feeling a little rusty on the basics of Stata that we covered in Chapters 1 and 2, it would be good to review them before diving into this chapter.

In Chapter 10 of FSR we introduce the two-variable regression model. As we discuss, this is another two-variable hypothesis test that amounts to fitting a line through a scatter plot of observations on a dependent variable and an independent variable. In this chapter, we walk you through how to estimate such a bivariate model in Stata.

In order to gain allegiance, a transnational regulatory regime must be able to demonstrate its ‘regulatory legitimacy’ – it must persuade its members, and sometimes the global community in general, that it is addressing a true regulatory need. Most commonly, such regimes will appeal to one or more of the following conditions as being the basis for its regulatory legitimacy: transnational interdependency; global convergencies that are resulting in common regulatory needs that are more efficiently addressed at the transnational level; cosmopolitanism; the distinct concerns of particular transnational regional or professional populations; and the capacity of transnational law to facilitate emancipation from oppressive domestic regulatory structures. Establishing these various ‘bases of regulatory legitimacy’ often involve making empirical claims that can be subject to considerable contestation. As examined later in this volume, all this implicates the particular kinds of regulatory activities (see Chapter 3) and governance structures (see Chapter 4) the regime can support.

Chapter two covers the extension of Ghurid authority over much of north India and the subsequent growing authority of the early rulers of the Delhi Sultanate including Iltutmish, Raziya, and Balban. Monuments such as the Qutb Minar and their messages are discussed. The role of leading Sufis in Indian society is evaluated as well as the poetry of the Indian Persian poet Amir Khusrau. The subsequent rise to power of the Khalji and Tughluq sultans is also explored. The Delhi Sultanate’s expansion into south India is examined as well as its political decline in the late fourteenth century. A consideration of the impact of the Delhi Sultanate and the place of India in a growing world system concludes this chapter.