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Perhaps no scientific question has been more widely considered across the span of human history as the age of Earth. The question, “How long has this planet been here?” dovetails quite reasonably into, “How long have we been here?” and so the problem of geochronology is essential to much more than just rocks. Whether we consider this problem from Earth or from outer space (Figure 4.1), the issue remains essential.
In Chapter 5 we introduced the evidence that at the end of the Paleozoic Era most of the Earth’s continents were joined together, forming the supercontinent Pangea, which in Latin translates as “whole mother-Earth land.” The formation of the Atlantic and Indian oceans primarily records the subsequent breakup of Pangea and led to the hypothesis of continental drift. Although continental drift seemed like a viable mechanism to create new oceans, until we had a full understanding of the Wadati–Benioff subduction zones, where oceans were being destroyed (see Chapter 5), it was reasonable to consider alternate hypotheses.