In the previous chapter, students learned how to compare the means of two groups with the t-test and U test. In Chapter 9, students are taught how to statistically compare three or more groups/levels among one or two independent variables. Students are also coached through three different kinds of ANOVAs: between-subjects, within-subjects, and between-within methods. The assumptions for these ANOVAs are reviewed and step-by-step instructions are given in SPSS and R. Student researchers are also taught how to interpret the results for testing hypotheses that use an ANOVA.

This chapter traces the development of money, credit and banking systems in Europe, from their origins to their modern forms. It examines how the reintroduction of monetary systems following the collapse of the Roman Empire contributed to economic growth. The chapter also discusses the evolution of credit markets, the rise of banks and the development of paper money, with an emphasis on the role these institutions played in supporting economic development. It explores the relationship between financial innovation and economic crises, illustrating how the financial system has both facilitated growth and contributed to periods of instability. The chapter concludes by assessing the impact of financial systems on long-term economic development in Europe.

Using a linear regression to make predictions from a data set can be found everywhere. From Amazon.com suggesting books for customers to businesses predicting revenue from advertising, regression analyses can be found in everyday life. A researcher can use a multiple regression analysis for predicting cause-and-effect relationships between the dependent and independent variables in a study. Unlike an ANOVA, regressions allow for categorical and scalar independent variables to be included together within the analysis. In this chapter, student researchers are taught what a regression analysis is, what it can be used for, and how to perform a multiple linear regression using SPSS and R. Students are also taught how to interpret regression results for testing hypotheses.

After the student researcher has performed the necessary literature research, performed the experiment, and analyzed the data, it is time to put everything together and write the results and discussion / conclusion sections. The student researcher is guided through interpreting the results and relating the results back to the reviewed literature. Also, the student is coached through writing the study’s limitations and writing the study’s conclusions. Examples of limitations are given including consideration of sample types (e.g., convenience, purposeful) as well as confounding variables. Students are guided through the creation of a poster using a presentation application (e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint) for an event like a poster session. Strategies for the poster’s structure along with transferring information from the research study paper to the poster are discussed. Additionally, students are taught how to create effective slides and provided guidance for presenting their work in the classroom or for a symposium.

Building on the foundation in Chapter 14, this chapter focuses on more complex modifying forms, including strategies for using adjective (or adjective-like) forms in more grammatical contexts. The first section explores equative (or copular) clause structures and predicative modifiers. The second section moves on to nonfinite verbs and the ways they can be used in clause structures to function in adjectival, nominal, and even adverbial roles. The third, and final, section investigates comparative forms in languages. This chapter will expand your language’s treatment of different types of modification and nonfinite verb forms.

This chapter explores the economic recovery of Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire, often referred to as the Dark Ages. It highlights the role of technological innovation and the division of labour in revitalizing European economies from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries, building on insights from the work of Adam Smith. The re-establishment of long-distance trade routes and the revival of urban centres were critical factors in this recovery. The chapter also explores the restoration of monetary systems and the development of a more complex economy characterized by the growth of cities and increased production. By focusing on how Europe transitioned from a period of obscurity to one of gradual economic resurgence, the chapter underscores the importance of trade, technology and labour specialization in driving recovery and growth.