Chapter 10 evaluates the challenges of SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The scarcity of non-renewable minerals and energy resources presents a critical global challenge that could constrain economic growth and well-being. Various ways to measure natural resource scarcity are evaluated, and an economic analysis of the optimal extraction of exhaustible resources over time is established. Policies to address future demands for mineral and energy resources while balancing the environmental impacts of extraction and use are discussed. For example, substituting non-renewable energy with renewable energy sources poses economic and environmental challenges. Concerns over supply constraints and reliance on critical minerals have prompted calls for self-sufficiency, reducing reliance on imports of essential raw materials, and creating incentives to enhance recycling, recovery, and reuse, especially of rare earth elements. In addition, developing new technologies to improve end-use efficiency can support the decoupling of dependency on non-renewable resources from economic growth.

Reading is critical for learning new information, acquiring new understandings and developing new cognitive skills. It is considered an essential skill for life, study and work in today’s world. In the Australian Curriculum, reading is regarded as a core component of literacy skills alongside ‘viewing, speaking, writing and creating’ texts for ‘a range of purposes’. The texts involved in students’ development of literacy can be multimodal, as they may use oral, visual and digital texts in addition to print texts. As a result, students are expected to ‘use a range of strategies to comprehend, interpret and analyse these texts, including retrieving and organizing literal information, making and supporting inferences and evaluating information and points of view’ when reading .

Describe how children can take different paths in development and reach similar destinations; understand the developmental differences between children as a set of strengths and challenges that are highly sensitive to environmental context; explore how events in children’s lives can trigger a cascade of later consequences.

In this chapter, we study vector spaces and their basic properties and structures. We start by stating the definition and discussing examples of vector spaces. Next we introduce the notions of subspaces, linear dependence, bases, coordinates, and dimensionality. And then we consider dual spaces, direct sums, and quotient spaces. Finally, we cover normed vector spaces.

Each process to resolving intrastate conflicts requires different strategies and objectives. Yet, as conflicts continue to increase, researchers have asked if peacekeeping is truly possible. Furthermore, is peace from these approaches stable and durable? The role of third parties in ending intrastate wars or post-conflict instability is central to these processes, where organizations and states play a critical role in ushering in peace during and following civil wars. Over the last three decades a strong trend in third-party attempts to resolve intrastate conflict has emerged. Here, mediation and peacekeeping have played a pivotal role in addressing crises within various countries since the end of the Cold War. From mediation to peacekeeping, this chapter expands upon the different forms and interventions that prevent and resolve conflict, all of which incorporate various sociopolitical and international legal principles in the process. It highlights the benefits and consequences of each intervention, what institutions utilize these principles, and how international humanitarian law has changed since World War II.

In this chapter, we consider linear mappings over vector spaces. We begin by stating the definition and discussing the structural properties of linear mappings. Then we introduce the notion of adjoint mappings and illustrate some of their applications. Next we focus on linear mappings from a vector space into itself and study a series of important concepts such as invariance and reducibility, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, projections, nilpotent mappings, and polynomials of linear mappings. Finally, we discuss the use of norms of linear mappings and present a few analytic applications.

Readers will understand what is meant by inviscid flow, and why it is useful in aerodynamics, including how to use Bernoulli’s equation and how static and dynamic pressure relate to each other for incompressible flow. Concepts are presented to describe the basic process in measuring (and correcting) air speed in an airplane. A physical understanding of circulation is presented and how it relates to predicting lift and drag. Readers will be presented with potential flow concepts and be able to use potential flow functions to analyze the velocities and pressures for various flow fields, including how potential flow theory can be applied to an airplane.

Across Australia and beyond, early childhood education (ECE) services play a significant role in the everyday lives of infants, toddlers and their families. For some decades, the enrolment of infants and toddlers has increased to the extent that, in today’s Australian society, around 40% of birth to 24-month-olds and nearly 60% of two-year-olds spend at least part of their week in an early childhood service. More still balance ECE service attendance with informal care arrangements with family members and friends. With these figures echoed across many countries worldwide, the widespread uptake of infant and toddler early childhood programs has meant that this generation of infants and toddlers and their families are experiencing a markedly different start to life than previous generations. It is now the norm for infant–toddler care to be spread across multiple contexts both within and outside of the walls of the family home, and for the responsibility for early learning to be shared between family and non-familial adults.

Describe how children think and behave differently in groups; explain the roles of collaboration, self-identity, and categorisation in creating and sustaining groups; understand how group differences can be reduced via intergroup contact, cooperation, and empathy.

Civil wars are complex events that alter the group trajectories and lives of everyone directly and indirectly involved. Studying these devastating crises effectively requires understanding and using multiple approaches. This book explores various theoretical explanations for the onset of civil wars, highlighting patterns in conflict dynamics over time and in different regions. For instance, the “greed” perspective suggests that rebels are driven by profit, treating rebellion as an economic opportunity. Another perspective centers on grievances, where rebel leaders mobilize due to collective political, economic, social, cultural, or identity-related grievances. Often these grievances stem from the government exclusion of minorities, unequal opportunities, and restrictions on collective group rights, particularly in states with weak institutions. A further perspective, the capacity-and-opportunity model, focuses on how material resources play a vital role in financing violence through a materialistic lens. Across all themes, this text serves as a means for providing a comprehensive analysis of civil wars, covering their onset, duration, destructiveness, outcome, and recurrence.