This chapter considers some practical applications of STEM in the primary classroom with a particular emphasis on STEM’s relationship to mathematics outcomes and the integrity of the mathematics as taught in the STEM context. This will extend to an exploration of Education for Sustainability (EfS) in the primary mathematics classroom, and opportunities for STEM tasks that are based on inquiry within the EfS space.

This chapter discusses the classification of armed conflcits into international armed conflicts (IACs) and non-international armed conflicts ( NIACs) by examining the relevant criteria. WIth regard to NIACs it disusses the criteria of organisation and intensity. The chapter also considers the geographical and temporal scope of armed conflicts. It then goes on to consider occupation, wars of self-determination, terrorism and cyber war, as well the character of conflicts when international forces are involved.

In this chapter we identify issues pertinent to ‘out of field’ teachers of mathematics. Strategies are offered to assist ‘out of field’ teachers of mathematics while considering the invaluable knowledge a primary-trained teacher can bring to the secondary mathematics classroom. Examples are presented of teachers’ critical pedagogical content knowledge that has a high impact on students’ growth and development across the main strands of the curriculum.

The model fitting and estimation approach is laid out using two simple linear models, one for a continuous biological predictor variable and one for a categorical predictor. These two models are the familiar simple linear regression and the single-factor ANOVA. We show how these two models are variations on a theme and describe how to fit them to data. The model fitting is treated in detail, laying the foundation for more complex models in the following chapters. We emphasize what the model parameters mean, how to estimate them, calculate standard errors and confidence intervals, and test hypotheses about them. For categorical predictors, we introduce and recommend planned comparisons (contrasts) to examine patterns across categories. Checking assumptions and identifying unusual and influential data is detailed, as is the use of power analysis to determine necessary sample sizes.

The principles of humanity and military necessity form the basis of international humanitarian law and also serve as tools in its interpretation. The chapter presents these two principles and then goes on to discuss two principles that derive from them, to wit, the principle of distinction and the principle of proportionality. The content and scope of these principles and the relationship between them is examined in this and subsequent chapters.

Predictors can be fixed or random, and their classification affects how we fit and interpret statistical models. A mismatch between their treatment in the model and their interpretation is a common problem. This chapter focuses on categorical predictors and introduces nested or hierarchical designs that combine fixed and random effects. For these designs, we distinguish between those where the random effects correspond to replicate experimental and sampling units and those that also include multiple observational units within each replicate. We also consider factorial mixed models and introduce hybrid designs that combine factorial and nested components. We describe the fitting of these models using traditional “ANOVA” approaches using OLS and present an alternative approach used in the following chapters – linear mixed models or multilevel models. These modeling approaches are illustrated for multilevel nested designs and factorial designs with and without replication.

General capabilities and cross-curriculum priorities, literacy, critical and creative thinking, digital literacy, ethical understanding, intercultural understanding, personal and social capability, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures, Asia and Australia’s engagement with Asia, Sustainability

The idea that serves as a basis for research may be derived from any of several sources, including curiosity about a specific phenomenon, case studies, interest in special populations (e.g., those who meet criteria for a given disorder, those with a special history or experience), extrapolation of findings from other types of research (e.g., processes studied in nonhuman animal research), development of measurements, and many others. Also, research may seek to illuminate how variables or characteristics are related to each other as reflected in such concepts as correlates, risk factors, protective factors, and causes. The goal of research is to understand the phenomenon of interest and theory can help enormously. Multiple types of designs were considered including true experiments, quasi-experiments, observational studies, and single-case experimental designs. The challenge is to use the best design available to test the hypotheses and within any constraints such as working in a specific setting (hospital, school).